Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36533187›Full record

ReviewTherapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism2022

Potential immunological effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender people - an unexplored area of research.

Alice A White, Ashleigh Lin, Xander Bickendorf, Blake S Cavve, Julia K Moore, Aris Siafarikas, Deborah H Strickland, Jonatan Leffler

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
5.0field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.

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  12. Sex differences in postacute infection syndromes.Science translational medicine · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Alice A WhiteTelethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
Ashleigh LinTelethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
Xander BickendorfTelethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia.
Blake S CavveGender Diversity Service, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
Julia K MooreGender Diversity Service, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
Aris SiafarikasTelethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
Deborah H StricklandTelethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
Jonatan LefflerTelethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave., Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-8462
The Kids Research Institute Australia · AUNorth Metropolitan Health Service · AUThe University of Western Australia · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

There are well-described sex-based differences in how the immune system operates. In particular, cisgender (cis) females have a more easily activated immune system; associated with an increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases and adverse events following vaccinations. Conversely, cis males have a higher threshold for immune activation, and are more prone to certain infectious diseases, such as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Oestrogen and testosterone have immune-modulatory properties, and it is likely that these contribute to the sexual dimorphism of the immune system. There are also important immune-related genes located on the X chromosome, such as toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8; and the mosaic bi-allelic expression of such genes may contribute to the state of immune hyperactivation in cis females. The scientific literature strongly suggests that sex-based differences in the functioning of the immune system are related to both X-linked genes and immune modulation by sex hormones. However, it is currently not clear how this impacts transgender (trans) people receiving gender-affirming hormonal therapy. Moreover, it is estimated that in Australia, at least 2.3% of adolescents identify as trans and/or gender diverse, and referrals to specialist gender-affirming care are increasing each year. Despite the improving social awareness of trans people, they remain chronically underrepresented in the scientific literature. In addition, a small number of case studies describe new onset autoimmune disorders in adult trans females following oestrogen use. However, there is currently minimal long-term research with an immunological focus on trans people. Therefore, to ensure the positive health outcomes of trans people, it is crucial that the role of sex hormones in immune modulation is investigated further.

Indexed as

immunologyoestrogensex hormonestestosteronetransgendertrans health

Identifiers

PMID36533187
PMCPMC9747891
OpenAlexW4312064852

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.