ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2022
Longitudinal evaluation of breast tissue in healthy infants: Prevalence and relation to reproductive hormones and growth factors.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Utility of First-Morning-Voided Urinary Total Luteinizing Hormone in Detecting the Onset of Central Puberty.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2026Article
- Palpation vs Ultrasonography Assessments of Infant Breast Buds: Considerations for Minipuberty Studies.Pediatrics open science · 2026Article
- The Course of Minipuberty in Daughters of Women with Low Gestational Vitamin D Status.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Mini-Puberty, Physiological and Disordered: Consequences, and Potential for Therapeutic Replacement.Endocrine reviews · 2024Review
- Diagnosing and treating anterior pituitary hormone deficiency in pediatric patients.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2024Review
- Enhanced identification of endocrine disruptors through integration of science-based regulatory practices and innovative methodologies: The MERLON Project.Open research Europe · 2024Article
- Increased Morbidity in Males Diagnosed With Gynecomastia: A Nationwide Register-based Cohort Study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Breast tissue in infancy is a rather undescribed phenomenon. We aimed to describe the prevalence and progression of palpable breast tissue in healthy boys and girls aged 0-1 years and to evaluate clinical markers, individual serum hormone concentrations as well as combined hormone profiles as determinants of the persistence of breast tissue. Methods: In total, 233 term infants (119 boys, 114 girls) were included and followed from birth until 1 year of age in The COPENHAGEN Minipuberty Study (ClinicalTrials.gov #NTC02784184). Infants were followed up to six times with a clinical examination and serum sampling. Principal component analyses (PCAs) produced combined hormone profiles. Results: A total of 98% of all infants aged 0-1 year exhibited breast tissue at some point. 50% still had breast tissue present at 0.5-0.6 years in girls and 0.3-0.4 years in boys ('persistent'). At one year, more girls than boys had breast tissue present (p=0.010). Most clinical and hormonal markers did not differ in infants with/without persistent breast tissue. However, in those with persistent breast tissue, estradiol (first visit, girls, p=0.034), androstenedione, corticosterone, cortisol (first visit, boys, all p<0.050), length (first visit, boys, p=0.030), and testicular volume (0.3-0.4 years, p=0.040) were higher, while IGF-I (0.3-0.4, boys, p=0.033) was lower. In boys, a combined, PCA-derived hormone profile (first visit) was able to predict the persistence of breast tissue (area under the curve=83%) better than any single marker. Discussion: Palpable breast tissue in infancy is common in both sexes although it persists in significantly more girls than boys at one year of age. Data supports both the early origin of breast tissue (
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