ArticleActa diabetologica2023
Quantification of risk factors for diabetic retinopathy progression.
Article in Acta diabetologica, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Baseline microperimetry and metabolic status predict functional outcomes in diabetic macular oedema: a prospective cohort study of anti-VEGF therapy.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- From risk factors to molecular targets: clinical associations and molecular docking insights into phthalate-associated diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Identifying Patients with Rapid Progression to Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Simple Prediction Model for Community Settings.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Implementation of diabetic retinopathy screening in the Oslo region, Norway: a 3-year pilot study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Cluster Analysis in Diabetes Research: A Systematic Review Enhanced by a Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Association between free triiodothyronine and diabetic retinopathy: insights from a longitudinal cohort study and Mendelian randomization.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Systemic Predictors of Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema in an Adult Veteran Population.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Wide-Field Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Ferrous ascorbate as a potential biomarker for diabetic retinopathy: a vitreous humour metabolomics study.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases: an overview.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- Transcriptome analysis combined with Mendelian randomization screening for biomarkers causally associated with diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Associated factors of diabetic retinopathy by artificial intelligence evaluation of fundus images in Japan.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Research progress in artificial intelligence assisted diabetic retinopathy diagnosis.International journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Disproportionately Impacts Distressed Communities Near a Northeastern Academic Center.Ophthalmology scienceArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo determine the importance of blood sugar control, blood pressure, and other key systemic factors on the risk of progression from no retinopathy to various stages of diabetic retinopathy.
methodsRestrospective cohort analysis of patients (N = 99, 280) in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California healthcare system with a baseline retina photographic screening showing no evidence of retinopathy and a minimum follow-up surveillance period of 3 years from 2008 to 2019. We gathered longitudinal data on diabetic retinopathy progression provided by subsequent screening fundus photographs and data captured in the electronic medical record over a mean surveillance of 7.3 ± 2.2 (mean ± SD) years. Progression from an initial state of no diabetic retinopathy to any of four outcomes was determined: (1) any incident retinopathy, (2) referable (moderate or worse) retinopathy, (3) diabetic macular edema, and (4) proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Multiple predictors, including age, race, gender, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), cholesterol, chronic renal disease, and type of diabetes were investigated.
resultsAmong modifiable risk factors, the average HbA1c had the strongest impact on the progression of diabetic retinopathy, followed by average SBP control and total cholesterol. Patients with an average HbA1c of 10.0% or greater (≥ 97 mmol/mol) had a risk ratio of 5.72 (95% CI 5.44-6.02) for progression to any retinopathy, 18.84 (95% CI 17.25-20.57) for referable retinopathy, 22.85 (95% CI 18.87-27.68) for diabetic macular edema, and 25.96 (95% CI 18.75-36.93) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy compared to those with an average HbA1c of 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) or less. Non-white patients generally had a higher risk of progression to all forms of diabetic retinopathy, while Asian patients were less likely to develop diabetic macular edema (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.66-0.87).
conclusionsWe confirm the critical importance of glucose control as measured by HbA1c on the risk of development of diabetic retinopathy.
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