ArticleMultiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)2023
Cerebrospinal fluid kappa free light chains for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A consensus statement.
Article in Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cerebrospinal Fluid sCD27 as a Biomarker of Neuroinflammatory Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Literature Review on Inflammatory Markers in the Saliva of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Cause or a Consequence of Periodontal Diseases.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of exercise on markers of B cell-related immunity: A systematic review.Journal of sport and health science · 2024Pooled it
- Cerebrospinal fluid kappa free light chains for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2023Pooled it
- Intrathecal Plasma Cell Activity as Measured by the Kappa Free Light Chain Index Is Associated With Retinal Layer Atrophy in Early Multiple Sclerosis.European journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Is there a link between multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease? A critical note.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Intrathecal immunoglobulin production in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Review
- Real-World Performance of CSF Kappa Free Light Chains in the 2024 McDonald Criteria.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Kappa Index predicts disease activity and transition to high-efficacy therapies in multiple sclerosis.Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine · 2026Article
- Kappa Free Light Chains Reflect Treatment Response and Progression Independent of Focal Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis.European journal of neurology · 2026Article
- The Kappa Free Light Chains Index in Multiple Sclerosis: From Emerging Evidence to Clinical Application.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- From the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial to Antibody-Mediated Optic Neuritis: Four Decades of Progress and Unanswered Questions.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- [XVII Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: Review of the New Developments Presented at the 2024 ECTRIMS Congress (I)].Revista de neurologia · 2026Review
- Diagnostic value of the kappa free light chain index in multiple sclerosis under the 2024 CSF positivity criterion: a multicentre study in oligoclonal band-negative patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Kappa free light chain index in CSF diagnostics: the impact of different immunoglobulin isotypes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Kappa index: real-world study for assessing cut-off values that provide the best accuracy for multiple sclerosis diagnosis in patients with CIS.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Implementing the 2024 revision of the McDonald diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis in Germany: Practical considerations and consensus recommendations.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Kappa free light chain index in multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory CNS diseases: a pilot single-center study from Argentina.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Association of CSF Kappa-Free Light Chains With Cortical and Periventricular Brain Damage in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology · 2025Article
- Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy Diagnosis and Its Differentiation from Neurological Mimics, MS and ALS: A Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 10 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is of utmost importance for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of patients with suspected multiple sclerosis (MS). Evidence of intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis proves the inflammatory nature of the disease, increases diagnostic certainty and substitutes for dissemination in time according to current diagnostic criteria. The gold standard to determine intrathecal IgG synthesis is the detection of CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands (OCBs). However, advances in laboratory methods brought up κ-free light chains (FLCs) as a new biomarker, which are produced in excess over intact immunoglobulins and accumulate in CSF in the case of central nervous system-derived inflammation. Overwhelming evidence showed a high diagnostic accuracy of intrathecal κ-FLC synthesis in MS with sensitivity and specificity of approximately 90% similar to OCB. κ-FLCs have advantages as its detection is fast, easy, cost-effective, reliable, rater-independent and returning quantitative results which might also improve the value of predicting MS disease activity. An international panel of experts in MS and CSF diagnostics developed a consensus of all participants. Six recommendations are given for establishing standard CSF evaluation in patients suspected of having MS. The panel recommended to include intrathecal κ-FLC synthesis in the next revision of MS diagnostic criteria as an additional tool to measure intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.