ArticleScientific reports2022
Efficacy of bone stimulators in large-animal models and humans may be limited by weak electric fields reaching fracture.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances of piezoelectric biomaterials in bone defect repair: The role of direct and inverse piezoelectric effect.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Review
- Clinical Applications of Biophysical Stimuli Technologies for Bone Healing.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Alveolar ridge preservation with lyophilized microspheres of human dental pulp stem cells following 3D dynamic osteogenic induction.Stem cells translational medicine · 2026Article
- The Impact of Brain Tumors and Craniotomy Lesions on Scalp EEG.Brain topography · 2026Article
- Advancing the 3Rs in bone tissue engineering: emergingFrontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- The role of electrical stimulation in bone regeneration: mechanistic insights and therapeutic advances.Bioelectronic medicine · 2025Review
- Non-contact electrical stimulation via a Vector-potential transformer promotes bone healing in drill-hole injury model.Journal of bone and mineral metabolism · 2025Article
- Accelerated Bone Healing via Electrical Stimulation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Advances in electroactive biomaterials: Through the lens of electrical stimulation promoting bone regeneration strategy.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2024Review
- Computational modeling of dorsal root ganglion stimulation using an Injectrode.Journal of neural engineering · 2024Article
- Evaluating the electrical stimulation of bone cells based on an induced transmembrane potential model and intracellular calcium levels.Journal of tissue engineeringArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Noninvasive electronic bone growth stimulators (EBGSs) have been in clinical use for decades. However, systematic reviews show inconsistent and limited clinical efficacy. Further, noninvasive EBGS studies in small animals, where the stimulation electrode is closer to the fracture site, have shown promising efficacy, which has not translated to large animals or humans. We propose that this is due to the weaker electric fields reaching the fracture site when scaling from small animals to large animals and humans. To address this gap, we measured the electric field strength reaching the bone during noninvasive EBGS therapy in human and sheep cadaver legs and in finite element method (FEM) models of human and sheep legs. During application of 1100 V/m with an external EBGS, only 21 V/m reached the fracture site in humans. Substantially weaker electric fields reached the fracture site during the later stages of healing and at increased bone depths. To augment the electric field strength reaching the fracture site during noninvasive EBGS therapy, we introduced the Injectrode, an injectable electrode that spans the distance between the bone and subcutaneous tissue. Our study lays the groundwork to improve the efficacy of noninvasive EBGSs by increasing the electric field strength reaching the fracture site.
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