ArticleDiabetes care2023
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Associations Between Traumatic Childhood Experiences and Both Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Among a Cohort of U.S. Women.
Article in Diabetes care, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health effects associated with exposure of children to physical violence, psychological violence and neglect: a Burden of Proof study.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- Explaining the Self-Care Behaviors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Based on Adverse Childhood Experiences, Subjective Socioeconomic Status, and Mindfulness in Isfahan, Iran.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Adapting the NIMHD Research Framework for Type 2 Diabetes-Related Disparities.Current diabetes reports · 2025Review
- Association of Early-life Trauma With Gestational Diabetes and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Neuroendocrine and cellular mechanisms in stress resilience: From hormonal influence in the CNS to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Childhood maltreatment and risk of endocrine diseases: an exploration of mediating pathways using sequential mediation analysis.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Non-drug interventions of traditional Chinese medicine in preventing type 2 diabetes: a review.Chinese medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveChildhood adversity has been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes risk in adulthood. However, studies have yet to investigate traumatic childhood experiences (TCEs) beyond abuse and neglect (e.g., natural disaster) while considering potential racial/ethnic differences. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsTo investigate race/ethnicity as a potential modifier of the association between TCEs, MetS, and type 2 diabetes, we used prospectively collected data from 42,173 eligible non-Hispanic White (NHW; 88%), Black/African American (BAA; 7%), and Hispanic/Latina (4%) Sister Study participants (aged 35-74 years) enrolled from 2003 to 2009. A modified Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey captured TCEs. At least three prevalent metabolic abnormalities defined MetS, and self-report of a new diagnosis during the study period defined type 2 diabetes. We used adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for type 2 diabetes over a mean ± SD follow-up of 11.1 ± 2.7 years, overall and by race/ethnicity. We also tested for modification and mediation by MetS.
resultsIncident cases of type 2 diabetes were reported (n = 2,479 among NHW, 461 among BAA, and 281 among Latina participants). Reporting any TCEs (50% among NHW, 53% among BAA, and 51% among Latina participants) was associated with a 13% higher risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.04-1.22). Associations were strongest among Latina participants (HR 1.64 [95% CI 1.21-2.22] vs. 1.09 for BAA and NHW). MetS was not a modifier but mediated (indirect effect, HR 1.01 [95% CI 1.00-1.01]; P = 0.02) the overall association.
conclusionsTCE and type 2 diabetes associations varied by race/ethnicity and were partially explained by MetS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.