ArticleJAMA network open2022
Analysis of Daily Ambient Temperature and Firearm Violence in 100 US Cities.
Article in JAMA network open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Rising Ambient Temperatures with Increased Violence Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Temperature, Crime, and Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Pooled it
- Non-fatal firearm violence across 17 US cities using police dashboard data, 2020-2025.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Local Violence as an Environmental Exposure with Increasing Relevance under Climate Change: A Conceptual Framework.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Review
- Higher temperatures are associated with increased interpersonal and self-inflicted violence-related Medicaid hospital visits in the United States.Communications sustainability · 2026Article
- Article
- Examining the relationship between temperature and firearm violence: A comparison of metrics.PloS one · 2026Article
- Association Between Extreme Heat and Externalizing Symptoms in Pre- and Early Adolescence: Findings From the ABCD Study.JAACAP open · 2025Article
- Examining associations between street vegetation and child firearm violence at microgeographic locations in 3 US cities: a case-control study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Does greenspace influence the associations between ambient temperature and violent crime? An observational study.Environmental research letters : ERL [Web site] · 2025Article
- Death by Neighborhood: Preliminary Results on Disparities in Violent Deaths by Neighborhood Opportunity With the Child Opportunity Index 3.0.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Article
- Extreme Weather Events Interact With Local Contexts to Alter the Frequency of Firearm Violence and Child Maltreatment in Wayne County, Michigan.GeoHealth · 2025Article
- Trends and Disparities in Firearm Injuries Among Emerging Adults: A 15-Year Analysis of Emergency Department Admissions in the U.S.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Extreme Heat and Firearm Violence in New York City Public Housing: The Mitigating Role of Air Conditioning.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Examining the Association between Heat Exposure and Crime in Cities across the United States: A Scoping Review.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Temperature, violent crime, climate change, and vulnerability factors in 44 United States cities.Environment international · 2025Article
- Community member perspectives on gun violence intervention in the southeast USA: a mixed-methods, cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Daily heat and mortality among people experiencing homelessness in 2 urban US counties, 2015-2022.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Community-Academic Partnership to Assess the Role of Physical Disinvestment on Firearm Violence in Toledo, OH.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Firearm violence is a leading public health crisis in the US. Understanding whether and how ambient temperature is associated with firearm violence may identify new avenues for prevention and intervention. Objective: To estimate the overall and regional association between hotter temperatures and higher risk of firearm violence in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used distributed lag nonlinear models, controlling for seasonality and long-term time trends by city and pooled results overall and by climate region. The most populous cities in the US with the highest number of assault-related firearm incidence (ie, shootings) from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed. Data analysis was performed from October 2021 to June 2022. Exposures: Maximum daily temperature by city. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the number of assault-related firearm shootings by city. Results: A total of 116 511 shootings in 100 cities were included in this analysis. The pooled analysis estimated that 6.85% (95% CI, 6.09%-7.46%) of all shootings were attributable to days hotter than city-specific median temperatures. This equates to 7973 total shootings (95% CI, 7092-8688 total shootings) across the 100 cities over the 6-year study period, although the number of total persons injured or killed would be higher. Estimated risk of firearm incidents increased almost monotonically with higher temperatures, with a local peak at the 84th percentile of the temperature range corresponding to a relative risk of 1.17 (95% CI, 1.12-1.21) compared with the median temperature. However, even moderately hot temperatures were associated with higher risk of shootings. Although significant, there was low heterogeneity between cities (I2 = 11.7%; Cochran Q test, P = .02), indicating regional or climate-specific variation in the daily temperature and incident shootings relationship. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings underscore the importance of heat adaptation strategies broadly throughout the year to reduce shootings, rather than focusing on only the hottest days.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.