ArticleArchives of gynecology and obstetrics2023
Low-dose clomiphene citrate does not reduce implantation and live birth rates in otherwise unstimulated modified natural cycle IVF-retrospective cohort study.
Article in Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative efficacy of modified antagonist protocols combining clomiphene citrate or letrozole for ovarian stimulation in patients with normal ovarian reserve.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Proteomic and metabolomic reveals abnormalities in metabolic processes, epigenetic modifications, oxidative stress, embryonic aneuploidy and implantation in mouse blastocysts derived from in vitro fertilization.Journal of ovarian research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
research questionDoes antioestrogen effect of clomiphene citrate (CC) on the endometrium reduce implantation and thereby decrease pregnancy and live birth rate per transferred embryo?
methodsIn this cohort, unstimulated IVF cycles modified with clomiphene citrate (CC-NC-IVF) and unstimulated, natural IVF cycles (NC-IVF) conducted between 2011 and 2016 were included. CC was applied in a dosage of 25mcg per day, starting on cycle day 7 until ovulation trigger day. Primary outcomes were clinical pregnancy rate, defined as amniotic sac visible in ultrasound, and live birth rate per transferred embryo. Miscarriage rate calculated as amniotic sac not ending in a live birth was secondary outcome. A modified mixed-effect Poisson regression model was applied, and adjustments were made for female age, parity, type and cause of infertility. Additionally, stratification by parity and age was performed.
resultsFour hundred and ninety-nine couples underwent a total of 1042 IVF cycles, 453 being NC-IVF and 589 being CC-NC-IVF cycles. Baseline characteristics of both groups did not differ. Addition of CC did neither decrease clinical pregnancy rate (aRR 0.86; 95% CI 0.67-1.12) nor live birth rate per transferred embryo (aRR 0.84; 95% CI 0.62-1.13) in comparison with NC-IVF. Miscarriage rate did not differ between CC-NC-IVF and NC-IVF (aRR 0.95; 95% CI 0.57-1.57).
conclusionLow-dose CC does not reduce pregnancy or live birth rate per transferred embryo. It can be used in infertility treatment without negatively affecting the endometrium and implantation.
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