ArticleOphthalmology2023
Seeing Red: Associations between Historical Redlining and Present-Day Visual Impairment and Blindness.
Article in Ophthalmology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of historic neighborhood redlining and contemporary health outcomes.Public health · 2025Pooled it
- Vision in the margins: the association between census tract neighbourhood disadvantage and visual difficulty and blindness in the United States.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Patient and Neighborhood Factors Influencing Glaucoma Medication Adherence.Journal of glaucoma · 2026Article
- Association between Area Deprivation Index and Retinopathy of Prematurity.Ophthalmology. Retina · 2025Article
- Association of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.Ophthalmology. Retina · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic Disparities in Glaucoma Severity at Initial Diagnosis: A Nationwide Electronic Health Record Cohort Analysis.American journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Place-Based Measures of Inequity and Vision Difficulty and Blindness.JAMA ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Spatial Vision Inequalities: A Literature Review of the Impact of Place on Vision and Eye Health Outcomes.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Review
- Social Risk Factor Associations With Presenting Visual Acuity in Patients With Microbial Keratitis.JAMA ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Relationship between Neighborhood-Level Social Risk Factor Measures and Presenting Glaucoma Severity Utilizing Multilevel Modeling.Ophthalmology scienceArticle
- Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Disproportionately Impacts Distressed Communities Near a Northeastern Academic Center.Ophthalmology scienceArticle
- Vision Need Profiles for the City of Richmond, Virginia: A Pilot Application of Calibration Methods to Vision Surveillance.Ophthalmology scienceArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeRedlining was a discriminatory housing policy in the United States that began in 1933 and denoted neighborhoods with high proportions of Black individuals as "undesirable" and a high risk for lending, which therefore excluded people from obtaining traditional insured mortgages to purchase a home. Simultaneously, realtors discouraged Black individuals from purchasing homes in predominantly non-Black neighborhoods. This resulted in decreased home ownership and wealth accumulation among Black individuals and neighborhoods with high proportions of Black individuals. This study investigated rates of visual impairment and blindness (VIB) in neighborhoods that at one time were graded for redlining.
designSecondary data analysis of American Community Survey data and historical grades for redlining.
participantsUnited States census tracts (CTs) from 2010 with historical grades for redlining.
methodsOne-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square test, and logistic regression modeling.
main outcome measuresThe main outcome was CT percentage of residents reporting VIB and the association with historical grades for redlining. Grades were converted to numeric values (1 to 4, with higher values indicating worse grade) and aggregated over a CT based on the distribution of grades within to obtain a redlining score. Logistic regression was used to model the effect of redlining on the probability of having VIB.
resultsEleven thousand six hundred sixty-eight CTs were analyzed. Logistic regression found that a 1-unit increase in average redlining score was associated with a 13.4% increased odds of VIB after controlling for CT measures of age, sex, people of color (any non-White race), state, and population size (odds ratio [OR], 1.134; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.131-1.138; P < 0.001). Similar results were observed for an additional model that adjusted for the estimated percentage of Black residents within a CT (OR, 1.180; 95% CI, 1.177-1.183; P < 0.001).
conclusionsHistorical government-sanctioned residential segregation through redlining was found to be associated with higher proportions of people living with VIB in these neighborhoods today. Understanding how neighborhood segregation impacts eye health is important for planning improved mechanisms of eye care delivery to mitigate health disparities. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.