ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2023
Barriers and facilitators to implementing a Pharmacist, Physician, and Patient Navigator-Collaborative Care Model (PPP-CCM) to treat hepatitis C among people who inject drugs.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacist-Led Hepatitis C Diagnosis and Rapid Management-In Community (PHARM-C): Results From a Phase IV Nonblinded Randomised Controlled Trial.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2026Trial
- Harm reduction and pharmacy practice: a scoping review of services for people who use drugs provided by pharmacy staff.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Acceptability of and Implementation Supports for Video Directly Observed Treatment to Enhance Methadone Dosing Flexibility in a Multisite Opioid Treatment Program: Qualitative Rapid Needs Assessment Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Implementation of Clinical Pharmacy Services in Primary Health Care: A Scoping Review.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2025Article
- Understanding and Navigating the Unique Barriers Rural Primary Care Settings Face when Implementing Collaborative Care for Mental Health.Community mental health journal · 2025Article
- Australian Community Pharmacists' Preparedness to Offer and Discuss Hepatitis C Testing and Treatment With Pharmacy Clients: A Representative Cross-Sectional Survey.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2025Article
- Interprofessional collaboration between pharmacists and community health workers: a scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- A cross-sectional survey of viral hepatitis education within pharmacy curricula in the United States.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2024Article
- Pilot study of a community pharmacist led program to treat hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Use of Pharmacists and Collaborative Practice Agreements to Treat Hepatitis C: A Survey of Primary Care Clinicians in Washington State.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
- Using implementation science to evaluate perceived feasibility of pharmacy-based HIV services in the Southeastern United States.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDirect-acting antivirals (DAAs) offer an unprecedented opportunity to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, yet barriers among people who inject drugs (PWID) remain. Having pharmacists provide care through collaborative drug therapy agreements (CDTAs) offers a promising solution. We developed and piloted a Pharmacist, Physician, and Patient Navigator-Collaborative Care Model (PPP-CCM) which utilized pharmacists to directly deliver HCV care at community organizations serving PWID. We conducted formative evaluation of the PPP-CCM pilot to characterize implementation experiences.
methodsThe PPP-CCM was implemented from November of 2020 through July of 2022. Formative evaluation team members observed implementation-related meetings and conducted multiple site visits, taking detailed fieldnotes. Fieldnotes were iteratively reviewed to identify barriers and facilitators to implementation and used to inform 7 key informant interviews conducted with programmatic staff at the end of the pilot. All data were analyzed using a Rapid Assessment Process (RAP) guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The formative evaluation team shared results with program stakeholders (pharmacists, physicians, and other site staff) to verify and expand on learnings.
resultsEvaluation of PPP-CCM revealed 5 themes, encompassing all CFIR domains: 1) PPP-CCM was feasible but challenging to deliver efficiently; 2) the pharmacist role and characteristics (e.g., being flexible, available, and patient-centered) were key to PPP-CCM successes; 3) the PPP-CCM team met challenges engaging patients over time, but some team-based strategies helped; 4) community site characteristics (e.g., existing trusting relationships with PWID and physical space that enabled program visibility) were important contributors; and 5) financial barriers may limit PPP-CCM scale-up and sustainability.
conclusionPPP-CCM is a novel and promising approach to HCV care delivery for PWID who may previously lack engagement in traditional care models, but careful attention needs to be paid to financial barriers to ensure scalability and sustainability.
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