ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Effects of biological sex and pregnancy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: It's complicated.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- High-Intensity Interval Training Snacks Improve Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Modulating miRNA-367-3p Expression by Kaempferol Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Targeting Fpn1-Dependent Ferroptosis and cAMP/CREB/CNTF Signaling.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- MSCs engineered with secreted Klotho alleviate blood-brain barrier disruption and reduce neuroinflammation more effectively than MSCs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Article
- Irisin restrains neuroinflammation in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via regulating microglia activation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- A diet-dependent host metabolite shapes the gut microbiota to protect from autoimmunity.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Engineered Immune Constructs Alter Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance and Confer Durable Protection in Myelin-Driven Autoimmunity.ACS nano · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Molecular and neuroimmune pharmacology of S1P receptor modulators and other disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2023Review
- Co-modulation of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in an animal model of multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Basophils beyond allergic and parasitic diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Sex differences in Guillain Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and experimental autoimmune neuritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Multimodal NIRS-MRI reveals cortical hypoperfusion, hypoxia, and mitochondrial changes in a mouse model of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be induced in many animal strains by inoculation with central nervous system antigens and adjuvant or by the passive transfer of lymphocytes reactive with these antigens and is widely used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). There are reports that female sex and pregnancy affect EAE. Here we review the effects of biological sex and the effects of pregnancy on the clinical features (including disease susceptibility) and pathophysiology of EAE. We also review reports of the possible mechanisms underlying these differences. These include sex-related differences in the immune system and in the central nervous system, the effects of hormones and the sex chromosomes and molecules unique to pregnancy. We also review sex differences in the response to factors that can modify the course of EAE. Our conclusion is that the effects of biological sex in EAE vary amongst animal models and should not be widely extrapolated. In EAE, it is therefore essential that studies looking at the effects of biological sex or pregnancy give full information about the model that is used (i.e. animal strain, sex, the inducing antigen, timing of EAE induction in relation to pregnancy, etc.). In addition, it would be preferable if more than one EAE model were used, to show if any observed effects are generalizable. This is clearly a field that requires further work. However, understanding of the mechanisms of sex differences could lead to greater understanding of EAE, and suggest possible therapies for MS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.