ArticleToxicology reports2022
Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water sources in three senatorial districts of Anambra State, Nigeria.
Article in Toxicology reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Deterministic and probabilistic health risk assessment of heavy metals in liquid herbal cough formulations from Western Uganda.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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- Pollution and health risk assessment of drinking water sources within artisanal and small-scale gold mining areas: a case of Asankrangwa District in Ghana.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
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- Chronic exposure to mining-contaminated borehole water impairs the entire male reproductive axis: partial mitigation by alpha-lipoic acid in Wistar rats.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Levels in Selected Occupational and Environmental Settings in Liberia: A Systematic Review.Environmental health insights · 2026Review
- Holistic approach to assess human health risks, integrating physicochemical quality attributes and heavy metal levels in tap water.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
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- Assessment of heavy metal exposure and cancer risk in Addis Ababa: Trends, risk factors and demographic variations in urinary cadmium, lead and chromium levels.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Risk assessment of heavy metals in north of Iran (Sari) rice and implications for human health.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Anthropogenic impact assessment on the water quality of Umhlathuze River in KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2025Article
- Health risks from persistent heavy metal contamination in crops and water at an abandoned naturally revegetated galamsey site in Ghana.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Heavy metals in drinking water sources in northern Mexico: a review of concentrations and human health risks assessment.Journal of water and health · 2025Review
- Study of the Trace Element Composition of Drinking Water in Almaty City and Human Health Risk Assessment.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Occurrence of toxic metals in river Rwizi surface water and efficacy of wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) in Mbarara City, Uganda.Discover Environment · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Direct exposure to heavy metals (HMs) in drinking water beyond the allowable tolerable limit can adversely affect human health. The study evaluated the hazards (cancer and non-cancer) of HMs in drinking water for both children and adults based on hazard quotients (HQ) derived from the concentration of HMs in drinking water in Anambra State, Nigeria. Eighty-one water samples were collected from 5 water sources (borehole, well, sachet water, harvested rain, and stream water) in 3 districts of Anambra State, and their concentrations of selected HMs [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)] were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The health risks were assessed based on the concentrations of HMs in the water samples ingested orally. The concentrations of the HMs were higher than the permissible limits recommended by international agencies. The chronic daily intake (CDI) indices in the studied areas were highest for Cd. The CDI indices in the borehole, well, sachet water and, stream water samples were Cd>Hg>Pb for both populations. The CDI was higher in children compared to adults exposed to the same water sources. The hazard quotient (HQ) indices for HMs in the various water sources were in the order Cd>Pb>Hg for both populations. The hazard index (HI) of Pb was highest in rain water while that of Hg and Cd were highest in stream water for both adults and children. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) in the studied areas showed a higher risk for children than adults. Cadmium was a major risk factor and children at greater cancer risk than adults. Generally, the HQ and ILCR were greater than international standards with values for children higher than adults. The contribution of Cd towards HI and ILCR in all cases was significant. This study showed the concentrations of the HMs in drinking water sources, and their attendant HQ and ILCR. These values were higher than the permissible limits set by international agencies. The results demonstrated enormously worrisome risks for children than adults.
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