ArticleFrontiers in oncology2022
A phenomenological model of proton FLASH oxygen depletion effects depending on tissue vasculature and oxygen supply.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Conditional sparing in FLASH radiotherapy: Conformal dosimetry and ALARA remain essential.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2026Review
- A modified lethal-potentially lethal model for oxygen-mediated FLASH sparing in stem cell niches.Medical physics · 2026Article
- Physicochemical indication of the FLASH effect from shoot-through proton pencil beam scanning parameters delivered under ultra-high dose rates.Physics in medicine and biology · 2025Article
- The Biophysics of Flash Radiotherapy: Tools for Measuring Tumor and Normal Tissues Microenvironment.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- FLASH-induced DNA damage reduction measured in vitro correlates with effective oxygen depletion determined in silico: further support for oxygen depletion contributing to FLASH's reduced damage burden in vitro.The British journal of radiology · 2025Article
- Probing Spatiotemporal Effects of Intertrack Recombination with a New Implementation of Simultaneous Multiple Tracks in TRAX-CHEM.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Dose Rate Effects from the 1950s through to the Era of FLASH.Radiation research · 2024Review
- VHEE FLASH sparing effect measured at CLEAR, CERN with DNA damage of pBR322 plasmid as a biological endpoint.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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16 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Radiation-induced oxygen depletion in tissue is assumed as a contributor to the FLASH sparing effects. In this study, we simulated the heterogeneous oxygen depletion in the tissue surrounding the vessels and calculated the proton FLASH effective-dose-modifying factor (FEDMF), which could be used for biology-based treatment planning. Methods: The dose and dose-weighted linear energy transfer (LET) of a small animal proton irradiator was simulated with Monte Carlo simulation. We deployed a parabolic partial differential equation to account for the generalized radiation oxygen depletion, tissue oxygen diffusion, and metabolic processes to investigate oxygen distribution in 1D, 2D, and 3D solution space. Dose and dose rates, particle LET, vasculature spacing, and blood oxygen supplies were considered. Using a similar framework for the hypoxic reduction factor (HRF) developed previously, the FEDMF was derived as the ratio of the cumulative normoxic-equivalent dose (CNED) between CONV and UHDR deliveries. Results: Dynamic equilibrium between oxygen diffusion and tissue metabolism can result in tissue hypoxia. The hypoxic region displayed enhanced radio-resistance and resulted in lower CNED under UHDR deliveries. In 1D solution, comparing 15 Gy proton dose delivered at CONV 0.5 and UHDR 125 Gy/s, 61.5% of the tissue exhibited ≥20% FEDMF at 175 μm vasculature spacing and 18.9 μM boundary condition. This percentage reduced to 34.5% and 0% for 8 and 2 Gy deliveries, respectively. Similar trends were observed in the 3D solution space. The FLASH versus CONV differential effect remained at larger vasculature spacings. A higher FLASH dose rate showed an increased region with ≥20% FEDMF. A higher LET near the proton Bragg peak region did not appear to alter the FLASH effect. Conclusion: We developed 1D, 2D, and 3D oxygen depletion simulation process to obtain the dynamic HRF and derive the proton FEDMF related to the dose delivery parameters and the local tissue vasculature information. The phenomenological model can be used to simulate or predict FLASH effects based on tissue vasculature and oxygen concentration data obtained from other experiments.
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