ArticleBMC psychology2022
Risk of depression, anxiety, and stress among the Saudi general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in BMC psychology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of changes to work circumstances enforced by COVID-19 on anxiety: a systematic review.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Caregivers' Baseline Mental Health Problems and Early Childhood Social Skills at One-Year Follow-Up in an Urban Area of Indonesia.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among students enrolled at King Khalid University: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The Use of Psychotropic Medications Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Associated Factors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Assessing mental health among students in the UAE: A cross-sectional study utilizing the DASS-21 scale.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Article
- Attitudes and Stigma Toward Seeking Psychological Help Among the General Population of Makkah, Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2024Article
- Prevalence and sociodemographic factors of depression, anxiety and stress in Saudi Arabia: a survey of respiratory therapists.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Stressors and coping strategies among secondary school male students in Abha City, Saudi Arabia.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- COVID-19 exposure and depression-anxiety levels among Saudi adults in the Jazan region: a study with a predominantly female and undergraduate sample.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Evaluation of oral health-related quality of life and its association with mental health status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era: A study from Central Saudi Arabia.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPromoting mental health and wellness is crucial for healthy communities. This study aims to assess the vulnerability of experiencing psychological reactions such as depression, anxiety, and stress within the general population in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
methodsA cross-sectional online survey was completed by 754 participants recruited from thirteen regions of Saudi Arabia. The information on background variables was obtained by using a set of close-ended questions. The DASS-21, a screening tool was used to assess the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress. Pie-chart displayed the levels of risk to experience psychological reactions. The Chi-square test and Adjusted Odd Ratios (AOR) reported the risk factors associated with experiencing psychological reactions in the study population.
resultsThe vulnerability to mild to extremely severe levels of stress, anxiety and depression were (36.5%), (34.9%), and (43.5%), respectively. Findings demonstrated that females were at higher risk to experience anxiety (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.11-2.18) and stress (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.10-2.10) as compared to males. Unmarried individuals had higher vulnerability for anxiety (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.04-2.44) and depression (AOR = 1.55; 95% CI 1.02-2.37) as compared to married individuals. Those who lost their job during the pandemic had a higher risk to experience anxiety (AOR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.10-3.74) and depression (AOR = 2.01: 95% CI 1.09-3.87) as compared to those who remain employed. Diagnosis with COVID-19 was associated with anxiety (AOR = 2.40; 95% CI 1.27-4.52) and stress (AOR = 2. 0; 95% CI 1.10-3.69). Participants with chronic medical conditions were almost twice at risk to experience stress (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.38-2.87) depression (AOR = 2.14; 95% CI 1.53-2.99) and anxiety (AOR = 2.59; 95% CI 1.78-3.78) as compared to those without such conditions.
conclusionsFindings imply the allocation of adequate psychological resources to prevent long-term psychological repercussions in at-risk populations such as females, unmarried individuals, those who lost their jobs, diagnosed with COVID-19 and those with chronic medical conditions.
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