ArticleBMJ global health2022
Profile of COVID-19 in Brazil-risk factors and socioeconomic vulnerability associated with disease outcome: retrospective analysis of population-based registers.
Article in BMJ global health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 on the Indigenous Population of Brazil: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Health disparities among indigenous populations in Latin America: a scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Balancing Human Mobility and Health Care Coverage in Sentinel Surveillance of Brazilian Indigenous Areas: Mathematical Optimization Approach.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Indigenous Pataxó community of Southern Bahia, Brazil: second wave of transmission and vaccine effects.Cadernos de saude publica · 2025Article
- Obesity modifies the association of race and COVID-19 mortality: analysis of a retrospective cohort from Brazil.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic factors and COVID-19 mortality in immune-mediated rheumatic diseases patients: regional analysis from Argentina, Mexico and Brazil.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2024Article
- Observational
- Association of theViruses · 2024Article
- Demographic, social, and clinical aspects associated with access to COVID-19 health care in Pará province, Brazilian Amazon.Scientific reports · 2024Observational
- Racism as a Social Determinant of Health in Brazil in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2023Article
- Implementing a provisional overarching intervention for COVID-19 monitoring and control in the Brazil-Colombia-Peru frontier.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Relationship between clinical-epidemiological parameters and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit: a report from a Brazilian hospital.Frontiers in public health · 2023Observational
- Profile of COVID-19 in Brazil-risk factors and socioeconomic vulnerability associated with disease outcome: retrospective analysis of population-based registers.BMJ global health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo classify the most up-to-date factors associated with COVID-19 disease outcomes in Brazil.
designRetrospective study.
settingNationwide Brazilian COVID-19 healthcare registers.
participantsWe used healthcare data of individuals diagnosed with mild/moderate (n=70 056 602) or severe (n=2801 380) COVID-19 disease in Brazil between 26 February 2020 and 15 November 2021.
main outcome measuresRisk of hospitalisation and mortality affected by demographic, clinical and socioeconomic variables were estimated. The impacts of socioeconomic inequalities on vaccination rates, cases and deaths were also evaluated.
results15.6 million SARS-CoV-2 infection cases and 584 761 COVID-19-related deaths occurred in Brazil between 26 February 2020 and 15 November 2021. Overall, men presented a higher odds of death than women (OR=1.14, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.15), but postpartum patients admitted to hospital wards were at increased odds of dying (OR=1.23, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.34) compared with individuals without reported comorbidities. Death in younger age groups was notably higher in most deprived municipalities and also among individuals <40 years belonging to indigenous backgrounds compared with white patients, as shown by descriptive analysis. Ethnic/racial backgrounds exhibited a continuum of decreasing survival chances of mixed-race (OR=1.11, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.12), black (OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.36) and indigenous (OR=1.42, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.54) individuals, while those in most deprived municipalities also presented an increased odds of death (OR=1.38, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.40). Deprivation levels also affect the prompt referral of patients to adequate care. Our results show that the odds of death of individuals hospitalised for less than 4 days is more than double that of patients with close-to-average hospital stays (OR=2.07, 95% CI 2.05 to 2.10). Finally, negative vaccination status also increased the odds of dying from the disease (OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.31).
conclusionsThe data provide evidence that the patterns of COVID-19 mortality in Brazil are influenced by both individual-level health and social risk factors, as well as municipality-level deprivation. In addition, these data suggest that there may be inequalities in the timely provision of appropriate healthcare that are related to municipality-level deprivation.
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