ArticleGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2023
Tear film layers and meibomian gland assessment in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a noninvasive ocular surface analyzer: a cross-sectional case-control study.
Article in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diabetic dry eye: advances in pathogenesis, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic approaches.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Intermittent fasting ameliorates diabetes-induced meibomian gland dysfunction in mice.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Correlating corneal and meibomian gland morphology with diabetes duration in T2DMInternational journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Impact of type 1 diabetes on binocular vision: Evidence from a comparative analysis.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Article
- Effect of Metformin on Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells: Implications in Aging and Diabetic Dry Eye Disease.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo assess the tear film layers and Meibomian glands by a noninvasive ocular surface analyzer in patients with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
methodsEighty-eight participants were enrolled in this study: 44 patients with T1DM without diabetic retinopathy, and 44 patients as a control group, between 18 and 49 years old. Limbal and bulbar redness classification, lipid layer thickness (LLT), tear meniscus height (TMH), first and mean noninvasive tear break-up time (FNIBUT and MNIBUT, respectively), and Meibomian glands loss (MGL) were assessment through the ICP Ocular Surface Analyzer (OSA). Schirmer's I test (SIT), the fluorescein tear break-up time test (TFBUT), OSDI and SPEED questionnaires, and percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were also tested.
resultsThe T1DM group showed higher limbal and bulbar redness (p = 0.010) and lower LLT (p < 0.001), TMH (p < 0.001), FNIBUT (p < 0.001), MNIBUT (p < 0.001), SIT (p = 0.001), and TFBUT (p < 0.001) than the control group. A higher percentage of MGL was found in the T1DM group in the upper (p = 0.097) and lower (p < 0.001) eyelids. No significant differences were found in dry eye symptoms across the OSDI and SPEED questionnaires between the two groups.
conclusionPatients with T1DM without signs of retinopathy showed involvement of the mucoaqueous and lipid layers of the tear film, as well as a higher percentage of MGL, using a noninvasive analyzer. Dry eye disease in people with T1DM cannot be ruled out by anamnesis and subjective symptom questionnaires alone; therefore, these patients should undergo regular anterior pole examinations.
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