ArticleJournal of research in health sciences2021
Current Inequities in Smoking Prevalence on District Level in Iran: A Systematic Analysis on the STEPS Survey.
Article in Journal of research in health sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Equity in the distribution of general practitioners and specialists in Iran: a health needs-adjusted analysis using the Robin Hood index (2006-2019).Human resources for health · 2026Article
- Impact of smoking hookah and cigarettes on hematological and biochemical profiles in the Iranian population.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- Temporal trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors attributed burden in Iran, 1990-2021.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the hypercholesterolemia care cascade and compliance with NCEP-ATP III guidelines in Iran based on the WHO STEPS survey.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Modeling the determinants of cigarette consumption in Iranian households with children under 5 years of age using the Income and Expenditure Survey 2021.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Article
- Tobacco consumption patterns among Iranian adults: a national and sub-national update from the STEPS survey 2021.Scientific reports · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe prevalence of tobacco smoking and its burden on societies is not homogenous at the national and district levels. This nationwide study aimed to investigate current inequalities in the prevalence of smoking at the district level and the association of smoking behaviors with gender, wealth, education, and urbanization in Iran. STUDY
designA cross-sectional study.
methodsThis study was conducted by analyzing the data of the STEPS survey 2016 with 30 541 participants. The small-area estimation method using the Bayesian spatial hierarchical multilevel regression model was employed to generate district-level prevalence of all types of smoking by gender. The inequalities between the groups by wealth, education, and urbanization were investigated via concentration index.
resultsThe prevalence rates of current daily cigarette smoking were found to be at the range of 4.6-40.9 and 0-4.5 among men and women, respectively. Current daily cigarette smoking was higher in men than in women: 19.0 (95% CI: 9.5-28.7) vs 0.7 (95% CI: 0-6.9). Women with lower wealth, education, or urbanization were more likely to smoke tobacco or be exposed to secondhand smoking. On the other hand, men with higher wealth or education indices were more likely to smoke tobacco. Men with lower wealth, education, or urbanization were more likely to be exposed to secondhand smoking.
conclusionThe smoking behavior varied significantly at the district level in Iran. Gender, wealth, education, and urbanization were determinants of smoking prevalence.
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