ArticleCommunications biology2022
Galleria mellonella immune melanization is fungicidal during infection.
Article in Communications biology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
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- N-Acetylcysteine Attacks Phenoloxidase to Inhibit Insect Melanization and Boost Fungal Virulence.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Infection by Different Clades of Candidozyma auris in a Galleria mellonella Model: Determining Virulence Levels.Mycopathologia · 2026Article
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- Antioxidant, Redox, and Immunomodulatory Effects ofBiomedicines · 2026Article
- A novel phage encoding host defense modulators demonstrates in-vivo therapeutic efficacy against carbapenem-resistant E. coli ST1432.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Candidozyma auris-infected Galleria mellonella larvae: the effect of the humanized monoclonal antibody Dia-T51 and its synergy with amphotericin B.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2026Article
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- Inhibitory effects of berberine on Fonsecaea monophora in vitro and in vivo.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
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- Dietary L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) augments cuticular melanization in Anopheles mosquitos reducing their lifespan and malaria burden.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The dynamics ofmSphere · 2025Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A key component of the insect immune response is melanin production, including within nodules, or aggregations of immune cells surrounding microbes. Melanization produces oxidative and toxic intermediates that limit microbial infections. However, a direct fungicidal role of melanin during infection has not been demonstrated. We previously reported that the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is encapsulated with melanin within nodules of Galleria mellonella hosts. Here we developed techniques to study melanin's role during C. neoformans infection in G. mellonella. We provided evidence that in vivo melanin-encapsulation was fungicidal. To further study immune melanization, we applied tissue-clearing techniques to visualize melanized nodules in situ throughout the larvae. Further, we developed a time-lapse microscopy protocol to visualize the melanization kinetics in extracted hemolymph following fungal exposure. Using this technique, we found that cryptococcal melanin and laccase enhance immune melanization. We extended this approach to study the fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Candida auris. We find that the yeast morphologies of these fungi elicited robust melanization responses, while hyphal and pseudohyphal morphologies were melanin-evasive. Approximately 23% of melanin-encapsulated C. albicans yeast can survive and breakthrough the encapsulation. Overall, our results provide direct evidence that immune melanization functions as a direct antifungal mechanism in G. mellonella.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.