Trial reportInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2023
Impact of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing intervention on non-prescription dispensing of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections in private community pharmacies in Nigeria: a cluster randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Implementation determinants of rapid diagnostic tests for fever management in sub-Saharan Africa: a mixed-studies systematic review.Nature communications · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care C-reactive protein devices for acute respiratory tract infections.Infection · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of a comprehensive antibiotic stewardship program on antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections in rural facilities: a cluster randomized trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Point-of-care testing in community pharmacies to improve antimicrobial stewardship in respiratory infections: a scoping review of effectiveness, implementation and cost-effectiveness.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Review
- Effect of a comprehensive package based on combined C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A point-of-care testing on antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections at village clinics in China: a cluster randomised controlled trial.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Community Pharmacists' Perspectives on Antibiotic Misuse and Antimicrobial Resistance in Cyprus: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pharmacist-Led Diagnostics: A New Frontier in Antimicrobial Stewardship.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Through the Pharmacist's Lens: A Qualitative Study of Antibiotic Misuse and Antimicrobial Resistance in Brazilian Communities.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial stewardship interventions involving community pharmacy teams: a scoping review.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Review
- Assessing ethical practices among community pharmacists in Nigeria: prevalence, drivers, challenges, and implications-a mixed methods study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Understanding Acceptability and Willingness-to-pay for a C-reactive Protein Point-of-care Testing Service to Improve Antibiotic Dispensing for Respiratory Infections in Vietnamese Pharmacies: A Mixed-methods Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Community pharmacists as antimicrobial resistance stewards: a narrative review on their contributions and challenges in low- and middle-income countries.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2024Review
- Point-of-care testing in private pharmacy and drug retail settings: a narrative review.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Review
- 11-Year Trend in Antibiotic Consumption in a South-Eastern European Country; the Situation in Albania and the Implications for the Future.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo ascertain if access to C-reactive protein (CRP) test kits-and staff training on how to use them in respiratory tract infection (RTI) management-in private community pharmacies (PCPs) can reduce non-prescription antibiotic dispensing for RTI.
methodsA parallel cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted in Nigeria. The clusters-which were equally the participating units-were PCPs with blood testing experience. Stratified block randomization was done. PCPs were stratified by the baseline value of the primary outcome. PCPs were not blinded. The intervention PCPs were provided with CRP kits and trained to use them to make decisions regarding non-prescription antibiotic dispensing for RTI. The control PCPs received no intervention. The primary outcome was the non-prescription antibiotic dispensing rate for RTI. Data were collected by blinded simulated clients who visited each PCP 30 times before and after the intervention without prescriptions. Analyses were by intention-to-treat.
resultsTwenty PCPs were randomized, 1:1. Ten PCPs were analyzed in each arm. Each PCP contributed 30 data points to the multiple imputation analysis where antibiotic dispensing decreased by 15.66% (209/300 [intervention] vs 256/300 [control]) in the adjusted analysis (odds ratio = 0·279, 95% confidence interval = 0.107-0.726; P-value = 0.0090) and 16% (208/300 [intervention] vs 256/300 [control]) in the crude analysis (odds ratio = 0.299, 95% confidence interval = 0.098-0.911; P-value = 0.034).
conclusionAccess to CRP kits-and staff training on how to use them in RTI management-in PCPs reduced non-prescription antibiotic dispensing for RTI.
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