Identification and validation of the mitochondrial function related hub genes by unsupervised machine learning and multi-omics analyses in lung adenocarcinoma.

Background: The mitochondrion and its associated genes were heavily implicated in developing and therapy tumors as the primary cellular organelle in charge of metabolic reprogramming and ferroptosis. Our work focuses on discovering new potential targets while analyzing the multi-omics data of mitochondria-related genes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database provided multi-omics data for LUAD patients. Based on the expression profile of the genes associated with mitochondria, the patients were grouped by the unsupervised clustering method. R was used to explore the differential expressed protein-code gene, miRNA, and lncRNA, as well as their enriched functions and ceRNA networks. Additionally, the discrepancy between immune infiltration and genetic variation was comprehensively characterized. Our clinical samples and in vitro experiments investigated the hub gene determined by LASSO and batch analysis. Results: Two clusters are distinguished using unsupervised consensus clustering based on mitochondrial heterogeneity. The integrated analysis emphasized that patients in cluster B had a worse prognosis, higher mutation frequencies, and less immune cell infiltration. The hub genes DARS2 and COX5B are identified by further analysis using LASSO penalization. In vitro experiments indicated that DARS2 and COX5B knockdown inhibited tumor cell proliferation. The specimen of our hospital cohort conducted the immunohistochemistry analysis and validated that DARS2 and COX5B's expression was significantly higher in the tumor than in adjacent normal tissue and correlated to LUAD patients' prognosis. Conclusion: Our observations implied that LUAD patients' tumors had distinct mitochondrial function heterogeneity with different clinical and molecular characteristics. DARS2 and COX5B might be critical genes involved in mitochondrial alterations and potential therapeutic targets.