ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
SARS-CoV-2 epitopes inform future vaccination strategies.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of a Monoclonal Antibody Against Duck IFN-γ Protein and the Application for Intracellular Cytokine Staining.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Complex causal relationships between genetic predictions of 731 immune cell phenotypes and novel coronavirus: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2025Article
- Harnessing cellular immunity for next-generation vaccines against respiratory viruses: mechanisms, platforms, and optimization strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Engineered protein subunit COVID19 vaccine is as immunogenic as nanoparticles in mouse and hamster models.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Dual-role epitope on SARS-CoV-2 spike enhances and neutralizes viral entry across different variants.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- DNA Vaccines Encoding HTNV GP-Derived Th Epitopes Benefited from a LAMP-Targeting Strategy and Established Cellular Immunoprotection.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Review
- Non-Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) with a Native-like Conformation Induces a Robust Immune Response with Potent Neutralization in a Mouse Model.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Systematic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants' impact on B and T cell epitopes.PloS one · 2024Article
- Potential immune evasion of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variants.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- How Neutrophils Shape the Immune Response: Reassessing Their Multifaceted Role in Health and Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Neutrophil extracellular traps and long COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
All currently approved COVID-19 vaccines utilize the spike protein as their immunogen. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) contain mutations in the spike protein, enabling them to escape infection- and vaccination-induced immune responses to cause reinfection. New vaccines are hence being researched intensively. Studying SARS-CoV-2 epitopes is essential for vaccine design, as identifying targets of broadly neutralizing antibody responses and immunodominant T-cell epitopes reveal candidates for inclusion in next-generation COVID-19 vaccines. We summarize the major studies which have reported on SARS-CoV-2 antibody and T-cell epitopes thus far. These results suggest that a future of pan-coronavirus vaccines, which not only protect against SARS-CoV-2 but numerous other coronaviruses, may be possible. The T-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 have gotten less attention than neutralizing antibody epitopes but may provide new strategies to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. T-cells target many SARS-CoV-2 antigens other than spike, recognizing numerous epitopes within these antigens, thereby limiting the chance of immune escape by VOCs that mainly possess spike protein mutations. Therefore, augmenting vaccination-induced T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 may provide adequate protection despite broad antibody escape by VOCs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.