ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2023
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H3N2)-Related Illness in the United States During the 2021-2022 Influenza Season.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of a yeast postbiotic on cold/flu symptoms in healthy children: A randomized-controlled trial.Pediatric research · 2024Trial
- Influenza infection influencing factors and direct economic burden - A study based on hospitalized cases of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI).Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against outpatient acute respiratory illness with laboratory-confirmed influenza, United States, 2024-25 season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Reply to: Limited evidence of AI superiority in seasonal influenza vaccine strain selection.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Limited evidence of AI superiority in seasonal influenza vaccine strain selection.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Estimating influenza transmission parameters: Comparing two study designs, 2023-2024.Epidemics · 2026Article
- Next-generation intranasal influenza vaccines: mechanisms, platforms, and translational progress.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Vaccine effectiveness against influenza B/Victoria-associated medically attended influenza-like illness: Beijing, China, 2021-2022 influenza season.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Chronology of H3N2 human influenza virus surface glycoprotein adaptation from 1968 to 2019 reveals a surge of adaptation between 1997 and 2002.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Influenza vaccine strain selection with an AI-based evolutionary and antigenicity model.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Structure and function of a cross-neutralizing influenza neuraminidase antibody that accommodates recent N2 NA Asn245 glycosylation.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Equine influenza antigen-based particle vaccine protects mice against homologous and heterosubtypic viral challenges.Acta biomaterialia · 2025Article
- PREDAC-FluB: predicting antigenic clusters of seasonal influenza B viruses with protein language model embedding based convolutional neural network.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case-Control Study.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Comparative Effectiveness of Licensed Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Influenza-related Medical Encounters and Hospitalizations in the 2022-2023 Influenza Season Among Adults ≥65 Years of Age.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Influenza Epidemiology and Vaccine Effectiveness Following Funded Influenza Vaccine in Queensland, Australia, 2022.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Polyanhydride nanovaccine against H3N2 influenza A virus generates mucosal resident and systemic immunity promoting protection.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Interim Estimates of 2023-2024 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults in Korea.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- Bias in vaccine effectiveness studies of clinically severe outcomes that are measured with low specificity: the example of COVID-19-related hospitalisation.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn the United States, influenza activity during the 2021-2022 season was modest and sufficient enough to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) for the first time since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We estimated influenza VE against laboratory-confirmed outpatient acute illness caused by predominant A(H3N2) viruses.
methodsBetween October 2021 and April 2022, research staff across 7 sites enrolled patients aged ≥6 months seeking outpatient care for acute respiratory illness with cough. Using a test-negative design, we assessed VE against influenza A(H3N2). Due to strong correlation between influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination, participants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were excluded from VE estimations. Estimates were adjusted for site, age, month of illness, race/ethnicity, and general health status.
resultsAmong 6260 participants, 468 (7%) tested positive for influenza only, including 440 (94%) for A(H3N2). All 206 sequenced A(H3N2) viruses were characterized as belonging to genetic group 3C.2a1b subclade 2a.2, which has antigenic differences from the 2021-2022 season A(H3N2) vaccine component that belongs to clade 3C.2a1b subclade 2a.1. After excluding 1948 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, 4312 patients were included in analyses of influenza VE; 2463 (57%) were vaccinated against influenza. Effectiveness against A(H3N2) for all ages was 36% (95% confidence interval, 20%-49%) overall.
conclusionsInfluenza vaccination in 2021-2022 provided protection against influenza A(H3N2)-related outpatient visits among young persons.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.