ArticleBMC public health2022
Socioeconomic differences in COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation and mortality in urban areas in a region in the South of Europe.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changes in stroke and TIA admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis.European stroke journal · 2024Pooled it
- Post-acute organ complications within one year following COVID-19 hospitalization and related socioeconomic inequalities.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Real-world comparative effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 primary vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2 infections: a federated observational study emulating a target trial in three nations.European journal of public health · 2026Observational
- Three-year survival follow-up of patients with gastrointestinal cancer treated during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: data from the PANDORA-TTD20 study.The oncologist · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic determinants of protective behaviors and contact patterns in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era: A cross-sectional study in Italy.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Predictive quality of census-based socio-economic indicators on Covid-19 infection risk at a fine spatial scale in France.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Analysing the lived experience of Iranian female heads of households in the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study.SAGE open medicine · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 in Barcelona students.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- From test to rest: evaluating socioeconomic differences along the COVID-19 care pathway in the Netherlands.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2024Observational
- Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections after Booster SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in a Greek Cohort of People Living with HIV during the Delta and Omicron Waves.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Factors associated with dental clinic use by clients in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Health Outcomes in Urban Italy During the COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout, January-November 2021.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Catalonia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living with HIV: Data from the Balearic cohort (EVHIA).PloS one · 2024Article
- Variability in excess deaths across countries with different vulnerability during 2020-2023.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination in Germany: A Seroepidemiological Study After One Year of COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign.International journal of public health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo analyse differences in confirmed cases, hospitalisations and deaths due to COVID-19 related to census section socioeconomic variables.
methodsEcological study in the 12 largest municipalities in Andalusia (Spain) during the first three epidemic waves of the COVID-19 (02/26/20-03/31/21), covering 2,246 census sections (unit of analysis) and 3,027,000 inhabitants. Incidence was calculated, standardised by age and sex, for infection, hospitalisation and deaths based on average gross income per household (AGI) for the census tracts in each urban area. Association studied using a Poisson Bayesian regression model with random effects for spatial smoothing.
resultsThere were 140,743 cases of COVID-19, of which 12,585 were hospitalised and 2,255 died. 95.2% of cases were attributed to the second and third waves, which were jointly analysed. We observed a protective effect of income for infection in 3/12 cities. Almeria had the largest protective effect (smoothed relative risk (SRR) = 0.84 (0.75-0.94 CI 95%). This relationship reappeared with greater magnitude in 10/12 cities for hospitalisation, lowest risk in Algeciras SRR = 0.41 (0.29-0.56). The pattern was repeated for deaths in all urban areas and reached statistical significance in 8 cities. Lowest risk in Dos Hermanas SRR = 0.35 (0.15-0.81).
conclusionsIncome inequalities by geographical area were found in the incidence of COVID-19. The strengths of the association increased when analysing the severe outcomes of hospitalisations and, above all, deaths.
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