ArticleJournal of Korean Neurosurgical Society2023
Leptomeningeal Metastasis in Gliomas : Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors.
Article in Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-term outcomes of ventricular entry in high grade glioma resection: A meta-Analysis and meta regression.Neurosurgical review · 2026Pooled it
- Characterizing the Natural History of Pediatric Brain Tumors Presenting with Metastasis.Cancers · 2025Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveOur objective is to analyze the occurrence, clinical course and risk factors for glioma patients with leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) according to different metastasis patterns and clinical variables.
methodsWe retrospectively reviewed data from 376 World Health Organization (WHO) grade II-IV adult glioma patients who were treated in the National Cancer Center from 2001 to 2020. Patients who underwent surgery at other institutions, those without initial images or those with pathologically unconfirmed cases were excluded. LM was diagnosed based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology. The metastasis pattern was categorized as nodular or linear according to the enhancement pattern. Tumor proximity to the CSF space was classified as involved or separated, whereas location of the tumor was dichotomized as midline, for tumors residing in the thalamus, basal ganglia and brainstem, or lateral, for tumors residing in the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres.
resultsA total of 138 patients were enrolled in the study. A total of 44 patients (38%) were diagnosed with LM during a median follow-up of 9 months (range, 0-60). Among the clinical variables, tumor proximity to CSF space, the location of the tumor and the WHO grade were significant factors for LM development in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, the midline location of the tumor and WHO grade IV gliomas were the most significant factor for LM development. The hazard ratio was 2.624 for midline located gliomas (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.384-4.974; p=0.003) and 3.008 for WHO grade IV gliomas (95% CI, 1.379-6.561; p=0.006).
conclusionMidline location and histological grading are an important factor for LM in glioma patients. The proximity to the CSF circulation pathway is also an important factor for WHO grade IV glioma LM. Patients carrying high risks should be followed up more thoroughly.
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