ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Emerging Potential of the Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibitor Ibudilast for Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update on Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular insights into glial neuroimmune cross reactivity with CNS antigens and its role in neuroinflammation.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of MN-166 (ibudilast) on acute respiratory failure prevention in hospitalized participants with COVID-19: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Trial
- Pathophysiology-guided biomarkers and therapeutics for precision trauma medicine in polytrauma with musculoskeletal injuries.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Six promising drug repurposing candidates for Alzheimer's disease and their sex-specific mechanisms and efficacy.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Effects of Combined 6-Shogaol and Ibudilast on Neuroinflammation and Behavioral Deficits in a Cuprizone Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Network Biology of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Neurodegenerative Disorders: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Ibudilast and dipyridamole ameliorate murine γ-herpesvirus 68-induced acute hepatitis following airway infection.Virus genes · 2026Article
- Synergistic Enhancement of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration via Ibudilast-Primed Three-Dimensional Spheroid Culture of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Repurposed Systemic Pharmacologic Agents in Chronic Pain: Emerging Mechanistic and Clinical Insights.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- MIF inhibition attenuates proliferative vitreoretinopathy pathogenesis and protects the eye in preclinical model.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2026Article
- Evaluation of cortical pathology in primary-progressive multiple sclerosis: a post hoc analysis of the SPRINT-MS trial.BMJ neurology open · 2026Article
- Research advances on acute kidney injury and brain dysfunction.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Review
- The Post-COVID syndrome caused by excessive inflammation: pathogenesis, potential targets and therapeutic agents.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibition Increases Striatal GDNF and Protects Against Preclinical Parkinsonism.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Article
- Insights into Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: From Core Markers to Emerging Directions.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Article
- From immune response to mental health: neutrophils in schizophrenia.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- In the Brain of Phosphodiesterases: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Schizophrenia.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Review
- Potential therapeutic effects of ibudilast and retinoic acid against cuprizone-induced behavioral and biochemical changes in mouse brain.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Precision Enzyme: Targeted Drug Discovery in Neurodegenerative Disorders.Protein and peptide letters · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases constitute a broad range of central nervous system disorders, characterized by neuronal degeneration. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyolotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are some of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases. Despite their diversity, these diseases share some common pathophysiological mechanisms: the abnormal aggregation of disease-related misfolded proteins, autophagosome-lysosome pathway dysregulation, impaired ubiquitin-proteasome system, oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive neuroinflammation. There is still no effective drug that could halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and the current treatments are mainly symptomatic. In this regard, the development of novel multi-target pharmaceutical approaches presents an attractive therapeutic strategy. Ibudilast, an anti-inflammatory drug firstly developed as an asthma treatment, is a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) inhibitor, which mainly acts by increasing the amount of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), while downregulating the pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). The preclinical evidence shows that ibudilast may act neuroprotectively in neurodegenerative diseases, by suppressing neuroinflammation, inhibiting apoptosis, regulating the mitochondrial function and by affecting the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagosome-lysosome pathways, as well as by attenuating oxidative stress. The clinical trials in ALS and progressive MS also show some promising results. Herein, we aim to provide an update on the emerging preclinical and clinical evidence on the therapeutic potential of ibudilast in these disorders, discuss the potential challenges and suggest the future directions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.