ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Long COVID Classification: Findings from a Clustering Analysis in the Predi-COVID Cohort Study.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epigenetic changes in patients with post-acute COVID-19 symptoms (PACS) and long-COVID: A systematic review.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2024Pooled it
- The global prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder among patients coping with Post COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Long COVID symptom profiles, workforce participation, and working hours among adults in England: a population-based cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Latent transition analysis for longitudinal studies of post-acute infection syndromes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Identifying subtypes of Long COVID: a systematic review.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Precision Symptom Phenotyping Identifies Early Clinical and Proteomic Predictors of Distinct COVID-19 Sequelae.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Trajectories of persisting Covid- 19 symptoms up to 24 months after acute infection: findings from the Predi-Covid cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Association of LEF1-AS1 with cardiovascular and neurological complications of COVID-19.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology plus · 2025Article
- Profiling the persistent and episodic nature of long COVID symptoms and the impact on quality of life and functional status: a cohort observation study.Journal of global health · 2025Observational
- Exploring DNA methylation, telomere length, mitochondrial DNA, and immune function in patients with Long-COVID.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Distinct phenotypes of patients and healthcare resource utilization after hospitalization for COVID-19: an observational study.BMC health services research · 2025Observational
- Long COVID is not the same for everyone: a hierarchical cluster analysis of Long COVID symptoms 9 and 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 test.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Associations between obesity, a composite risk score for probable long COVID, and sleep problems in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2024Article
- Clinical-based phenotypes in children with pediatric post-COVID-19 condition.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2024Article
- Finding Long-COVID: Temporal Topic Modeling of Electronic Health Records from the N3C and RECOVER Programs.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Long COVID exhibits clinically distinct phenotypes at 3-6 months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection: results from the P4O2 consortium.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Article
- Long COVID Clinical Severity Types Based on Symptoms and Functional Disability: A Longitudinal Evaluation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of life.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Article
- Improving long COVID-related text classification: a novel end-to-end domain-adaptive paraphrasing framework.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria: Health and Pathophysiological Aspects of Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The increasing number of people living with Long COVID requires the development of more personalized care; currently, limited treatment options and rehabilitation programs adapted to the variety of Long COVID presentations are available. Our objective was to design an easy-to-use Long COVID classification to help stratify people with Long COVID. Individual characteristics and a detailed set of 62 self-reported persisting symptoms together with quality of life indexes 12 months after initial COVID-19 infection were collected in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 infected people in Luxembourg. A hierarchical ascendant classification (HAC) was used to identify clusters of people. We identified three patterns of Long COVID symptoms with a gradient in disease severity. Cluster-Mild encompassed almost 50% of the study population and was composed of participants with less severe initial infection, fewer comorbidities, and fewer persisting symptoms (mean = 2.9). Cluster-Moderate was characterized by a mean of 11 persisting symptoms and poor sleep and respiratory quality of life. Compared to the other clusters, Cluster-Severe was characterized by a higher proportion of women and smokers with a higher number of Long COVID symptoms, in particular vascular, urinary, and skin symptoms. Our study evidenced that Long COVID can be stratified into three subcategories in terms of severity. If replicated in other populations, this simple classification will help clinicians improve the care of people with Long COVID.
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Registered trials
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