ReviewNature reviews. Endocrinology2023
Sex hormones in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility: key players or confounders?
Review in Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Possible Involvement of Hypothalamic Dysfunction in Long COVID Patients Characterized by Delayed Response to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Roles of sex and SP-A genetic variants in modulating multiorgan injuries post viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Perceived Chronic Stress prior to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Predicts Ongoing Symptomatic COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study.Psychotherapy and psychosomatics · 2026Article
- Understanding sex and gender disparities in COVID-19 mortality: a narrative review beyond biology.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Protective effect of high-density lipoprotein in infective endocarditis patients after valve surgery.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2025Article
- Insight into the shared pathogenic link between COVID-19 and pterygium: a systematic bioinformatics analysis with experimental validation.Hereditas · 2025Article
- Retrospective study on the epidemiological characteristics of multi-pathogen infections of hospitalized severe acute respiratory tract infection and influenza-like illness in Xinjiang from January to May 2024.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Genetic association of ACE2 rs2285666 (C>T) and rs2106809 (A>G) and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among the Ghanaian population.Frontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Genetic variants inFrontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Aromatase, testosterone, TMPRSS2: determinants of COVID-19 severity.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Postmenopausal Women Medications on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Progression.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Multivariate analyses and machine learning link sex and age with antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination.iScience · 2024Article
- Sex differences in airway disease: estrogen and airway surface liquid dynamics.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Exploring the Complexities of Long COVID.Viruses · 2024Review
- Mapping the vast landscape of multisystem complications of COVID-19: Bibliometric analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- The Multi-faceted Effects of COVID-19 on Female Reproductive Health: An Updated Narrative Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Impact of sex and gender on post-COVID-19 syndrome, Switzerland, 2020.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
- Article
- Assessing the Potential Role of Cats (Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Sex and gender differences in intensive care medicine.Intensive care medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has a clear sex disparity in clinical outcomes. Hence, the interaction between sex hormones, virus entry receptors and immune responses has attracted major interest as a target for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. This Review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of androgens, oestrogens and progesterone in the regulation of virus entry receptors and disease progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as their therapeutic value. Although many experimental and clinical studies have analysed potential mechanisms by which female sex hormones might provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, there is currently no clear evidence for a sex-specific expression of virus entry receptors. In addition, reports describing an influence of oestrogen, progesterone and androgens on the course of COVID-19 vary widely. Current data also do not support the administration of oestradiol in COVID-19. The conflicting evidence and lack of consensus results from a paucity of mechanistic studies and clinical trials reporting sex-disaggregated data. Further, the influence of variables beyond biological factors (sex), such as sociocultural factors (gender), on COVID-19 manifestations has not been investigated. Future research will have to fill this knowledge gap as the influence of sex and gender on COVID-19 will be essential to understanding and managing the long-term consequences of this pandemic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.