ReviewNPJ vaccines2022
Urgency and necessity of Epstein-Barr virus prophylactic vaccines.
Review in NPJ vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Equity in protection: bridging global data gaps for an EBV vaccine-a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- The case for an Epstein-Barr virus vaccine: Lessons from its link to systemic lupus erythematosus.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Sex- and age-specific incidence and fraction of hospital contacts for infectious mononucleosis cases in Denmark in 1977-2011.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2024: a worldwide incidence analysis.The Lancet. Oncology · 2026Article
- A tonsil organoid model reveals Epstein-Barr virus-infected germinal center B cell states during primary infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Epstein-Barr virus receptors: classification, functional mechanisms, and pathogenic implications.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- A potent human neutralizing antibody targeting the receptor-binding site in the glycoprotein gp350 of Epstein-Barr virus.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Recent advances in Epstein-Barr virus vaccines development from mechanistic exploration to clinical translation.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- Article
- Immunotherapy in NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, Resistance, and Emerging Multimodal Strategies.Cancers · 2026Review
- Epstein-Barr Virus and Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review on Prevention and the Concept of an Infection-Driven Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Enhanced rhLCV production in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from rhLCV-infected cynomolgus macaque PBMCs.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Advancements in RNA-based therapies from bench to bedside.npj drug discovery · 2026Review
- Research progress on the regulation of ferroptosis in NPC (Review).Oncology reports · 2026Review
- A multi-glycoprotein synergized recombinant virus system resolved the research dilemma of Epstein-Barr virus entry and facilitated the development of entry-specific drugs or vaccines.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026Article
- Applying principles of vaccine development to oncomicrobial vaccines.Blood advances · 2025Review
- Epstein-Barr Virus Load in the Saliva of Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer-Could It Have Prognostic Significance?Viruses · 2025Article
- Health Disparities in Rhinology-A Scoping Review.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- The growing interests in Epstein-Barr virus: A bibliometric analysis of research trends, collaborations, and emerging hotspots.Infectious medicine · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a γ-herpesvirus, is the first identified oncogenic virus, which establishes permanent infection in humans. EBV causes infectious mononucleosis and is also tightly linked to many malignant diseases. Various vaccine formulations underwent testing in different animals or in humans. However, none of them was able to prevent EBV infection and no vaccine has been approved to date. Current efforts focus on antigen selection, combination, and design to improve the efficacy of vaccines. EBV glycoproteins such as gH/gL, gp42, and gB show excellent immunogenicity in preclinical studies compared to the previously favored gp350 antigen. Combinations of multiple EBV proteins in various vaccine designs become more attractive approaches considering the complex life cycle and complicated infection mechanisms of EBV. Besides, rationally designed vaccines such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and protein scaffold-based vaccines elicited more potent immune responses than soluble antigens. In addition, humanized mice, rabbits, as well as nonhuman primates that can be infected by EBV significantly aid vaccine development. Innovative vaccine design approaches, including polymer-based nanoparticles, the development of effective adjuvants, and antibody-guided vaccine design, will further enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. In this review, we will summarize (i) the disease burden caused by EBV and the necessity of developing an EBV vaccine; (ii) previous EBV vaccine studies and available animal models; (iii) future trends of EBV vaccines, including activation of cellular immune responses, novel immunogen design, heterologous prime-boost approach, induction of mucosal immunity, application of nanoparticle delivery system, and modern adjuvant development.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.