ArticlePaediatric and perinatal epidemiology2023
Gestational thyroid hormone concentrations and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.
Article in Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between maternal thyroid function and adverse outcomes of pregnant women and offspring: evidence from an umbrella review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Pooled it
- Review
- Maternal thyroid function in the first half of pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in early adolescence in the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) cohort.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- 50 YEARS OF NEWBORN SCREENING FOR CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM: EVOLUTION OF INSIGHTS IN ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT: Management during pregnancy and long-term outcomes of adult patients with congenital hypothyroidism.European thyroid journal · 2025Review
- Standardization of TSH and FT4 to gestational age in early pregnancy and associations with clinical outcomes.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Importance of iodide sufficiency and normal thyroid function in fertility and during gestation.Thyroid research · 2025Review
- Iodine and Thyroid Maternal and Fetal Metabolism during Pregnancy.Metabolites · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMaternal thyroid function plays an important role in foetal brain development; however, little consensus exists regarding the relationship between normal variability in thyroid hormones and common neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
objectiveWe sought to examine the association between mid-pregnancy maternal thyroid function and risk of clinically diagnosed ADHD in offspring.
methodsWe conducted a nested case-control study in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Among children born 2003 or later, we randomly sampled singleton ADHD cases obtained through linkage with the Norwegian Patient Registry (n = 298) and 554 controls. Concentrations of maternal triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), T3-Uptake, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) were measured in maternal plasma, collected at approximately 17 weeks' gestation. Indices of free T4 (FT4i) and free T3 (FT3i) were calculated. We used multivariable adjusted logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and accounted for missing covariate data using multiple imputation. We used restricted cubic splines to assess non-linear trends and provide flexible representations. We examined effect measure modification by dietary iodine and selenium intake. In sensitivity analyses, we excluded women with clinically significant thyroid disorders (n = 73).
resultsHigh maternal T3 was associated with increased risk of ADHD (5th vs 1st quintile odds ratio 2.27, 95% confidence interval 1.21, 4.26). For FT4i, both the lowest and highest quintiles were associated with an approximate 1.6-fold increase in risk of ADHD, with similar trends found for T4. The FT4i association was modified by dietary iodine intake such that the highest risk strata were confined to the low intake group.
conclusionsBoth high and low concentrations of maternal thyroid hormones, although within population reference ranges, increase the risk of ADHD in offspring. Increased susceptibility may be found among women with low dietary intake of iodine and selenium.
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