Timing of anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism after recent traumatic and vascular brain Injury.

Currently, there is no consensus guideline for initiating anticoagulation in patients with a traumatic or vascular brain injury. Initiating anticoagulation for management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) can vary significantly from 72 hours to 30 weeks due to the risk of hemorrhagic complications. The purpose of this study is to compare clinical outcomes using modified Rankin Score (mRS) in a patient population with early (≤ 3 days) versus late (> 3 days) initiation of therapeutic anticoagulation from the time VTE was diagnosed. This retrospective study included patients with a traumatic or vascular brain injury who developed either deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). Use of anticoagulation prior to admission, diagnosis with VTE on admission, or patients with a non-brain injury were exclusion criteria. Secondary outcomes measured were all-cause mortality, length of stay, and reasons for early interruption of anticoagulation. Therapeutic anticoagulation was started early in 76 (74%) patients compared to late initiation in 27 (26%) patients. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. The mRS score 0-3 versus 4-6 was similar in patients who received early anticoagulation versus those who received it later. However, there was a trend favoring better outcomes in the early group [mRS 4-6; 78% vs. 93%; p = 0.085] and in subgroup analysis of patients with VTE diagnosed 4-7 days [mRS 4-6; 26% vs. 56%; p = 0.006] compared to the late group. In univariate and multivariable logistic regression, only age was associated with a significant worse outcome (median, IQR) 36 years (24-50) vs. 58 years (44-65) OR 1.07 (1.03-1.12); p < 0.001. In this study, early initiation of anticoagulation did not worsen clinical outcomes.