Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36479476›Full record

ReviewJournal of preventive medicine and hygiene2022

Methodology for clinical research.

Aysha Karim Kiani, Zakira Naureen, Derek Pheby, Gary Henehan, Richard Brown, Paul Sieving, Peter Sykora, Robert Marks, Benedetto Falsini, Natale Capodicasa and 24 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Observational
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
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  11. Article
  12. Clinical Evaluation ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2024
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

34 authors.

Aysha Karim KianiAllama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Zakira NaureenMAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy.
Derek PhebySociety and Health, Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, UK.
Gary HenehanSchool of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Richard BrownDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Paul SievingDepartment of Ophthalmology, Center for Ocular Regenerative Therapy, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
Peter SykoraDepartment of Philosophy and Applied Philosophy, University of St. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia.
Robert MarksDepartment of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Benedetto FalsiniInstitute of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Natale CapodicasaMAGI BALKANS, Tirana, Albania.
Stanislav MiertusDepartment of Biotechnology, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia.
Lorenzo LorussoUOC Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Lecco, Merate, Italy.
Daniele DondossolaCenter for Preclincal Research and General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
Gianluca Martino TartagliaDepartment of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Mahmut Cerkez ErgorenDepartment of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Munis DundarDepartment of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey.
Sandro MicheliniVascular Diagnostics and Rehabilitation Service, Marino Hospital, ASL Roma 6, Marino, Italy.
Daniele MalacarneMAGI'S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy.
Gabriele BonettiMAGI'S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy.
Kevin DonatoMAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy.
Maria Chiara MedoriMAGI'S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy.
Tommaso BeccariDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Michele SamajaMAGI GROUP, San Felice del Benaco (BS), Italy.
Stephen Thaddeus ConnellySan Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Donald MartinUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, SyNaBi, Grenoble, France.
Assunta MorresiDepartment of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Ariola BacuDepartment of Biotechnology, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania.
Karen L HerbstTotal Lipedema Care, Beverly Hills California and Tucson Arizona, USA.
Mykhaylo KapustinFederation of the Jewish Communities of Slovakia.
Liborio StuppiaDepartment of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
Ludovica LumerDepartment of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
Giampietro FarronatoDepartment of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Matteo BertelliMAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy.
INTERNATIONAL BIOETHICS STUDY GROUP

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A clinical research requires a systematic approach with diligent planning, execution and sampling in order to obtain reliable and validated results, as well as an understanding of each research methodology is essential for researchers. Indeed, selecting an inappropriate study type, an error that cannot be corrected after the beginning of a study, results in flawed methodology. The results of clinical research studies enhance the repertoire of knowledge regarding a disease pathogenicity, an existing or newly discovered medication, surgical or diagnostic procedure or medical device. Medical research can be divided into primary and secondary research, where primary research involves conducting studies and collecting raw data, which is then analysed and evaluated in secondary research. The successful deployment of clinical research methodology depends upon several factors. These include the type of study, the objectives, the population, study design, methodology/techniques and the sampling and statistical procedures used. Among the different types of clinical studies, we can recognize descriptive or analytical studies, which can be further categorized in observational and experimental. Finally, also pre-clinical studies are of outmost importance, representing the steppingstone of clinical trials. It is therefore important to understand the types of method for clinical research. Thus, this review focused on various aspects of the methodology and describes the crucial steps of the conceptual and executive stages.

Indexed as

Research DesignHumansBiasClinical researchExperimental studiesObservational studiesStudy design

Identifiers

PMID36479476
PMCPMC9710407

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.