ArticleScientific data2022
The global spectrum of plant form and function: enhanced species-level trait dataset.
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28 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Crowdsourced biodiversity monitoring fills gaps in global plant trait mapping.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Plant Functional Traits or Microbiomes Associated with Diseases, Pests, Human Activities and Climate Change.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Science mapping of root ecology: a bibliometric review covering 2015-2024.Annals of botany · 2025Review
- Multilevel trait responses of liana Hedera helix L. to environmental gradients in urban forest ecosystems.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Intraspecific Variation and Environmental Determinants of Leaf Functional Traits inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Functional Trait Variation and Reverse Phenology in the Tropical Dry Forest SpeciesPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Droughts preceding tree mortality events have increased in duration and intensity, especially in dry biomes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Trait-Based Selection of Seeds Ingested and Dispersed by North American Waterfowl.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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- An Intraspecific Negative Correlation Between the Repair Capacity of Photoinhibition of Cold Acclimated Plants and the Habitat Temperature.Plant, cell & environment · 2025Article
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- Trait variation across different life history stages of trees and its impact on net photosynthetic rate.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Leaf trait variation across Mediterranean forest endemics: drivers and evidence for lower resource acquisition ability than in widespread forest congeners.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Environmental filters drive functional similarity in disjunct ferruginous outcrops of Eastern Amazonia.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Stage dependence of Elton's biotic resistance hypothesis of biological invasions.Nature plants · 2024Article
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146 authors.
Sandra Díaz *Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Córdoba, Argentina. sandra.diaz@unc.edu.ar.ORCID 0000-0003-0012-4612
Jens Kattge *Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany. jkattge@bgc-jena.mpg.de.ORCID 0000-0002-1022-8469
Johannes H C CornelissenA-LIFE, section Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ian J WrightHawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-8338-9143
Sandra LavorelUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Grenoble, France.ORCID 0000-0002-7300-2811
Stéphane DrayUniv Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.ORCID 0000-0003-0153-1105
Björn ReuEscuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra. 27 Calle 9, 680002, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
Michael KleyerLandscape Ecology Group, Inst. of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
Christian WirthMax Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-2604-8056
I Colin PrenticeSchool of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
Eric GarnierCEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.ORCID 0000-0002-9392-5154
Gerhard BönischMax Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
Mark WestobySchool of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7690-4530
Hendrik PoorterSchool of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
Peter B ReichHawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-4424-662X
Angela T MolesEvolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-2041-7762
John DickieWellcome Trust Millennium Building, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK.
Amy E ZanneDepartment of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33146, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6379-9452
Jérôme ChaveLaboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique UMR 5174 CNRS, IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.ORCID 0000-0002-7766-1347
S Joseph WrightSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Panama.ORCID 0000-0003-4260-5676
Serge N SheremetievKomarov Botanical Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-0318-6766
Hervé JactelINRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France.
Christopher BaralotoInternational Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7322-8581
Bruno E L CeraboliniDepartment of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, IT-21100, Varese, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-3793-0733
Simon PierceDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, Milan, IT-20133, Italy.
Bill ShipleyUniversité de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
Fernando CasanovesCATIE-Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica.ORCID 0000-0001-8765-9382
Julia S JoswigMax Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-7786-1728
Angela GüntherMax Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
Valeria FalczukConsejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Córdoba, Argentina.
Nadja RügerGerman Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Miguel D MahechaGerman Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-3031-613X
Lucas D GornéConsejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Córdoba, Argentina.
Bernard Amiaud *Université de Lorraine, Lorraine, France.
Owen K AtkinDivision of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-1041-5202
Michael BahnDepartment of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.ORCID 0000-0001-7482-9776
Dennis BaldocchiUniversity of California, Berkeley, USA.
Michael BeckmannHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
Benjamin BlonderDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
William BondUniversity of CapeTown, Biological Sciences, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-3441-2084
Ben Bond-LambertyPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute at the University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9525-4633
Kerry BrownKingston University London, Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Kingston Upon Thames, UK.
Sabina BurrascanoDepartment of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy.
Chaeho ByunDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-3209-3275
Giandiego CampetellaSchool of Biosciences & Veterinary Medicine - Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-6126-522X
Jeannine Cavender-BaresDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3375-9630
F Stuart ChapinInstitute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2558-9910
Brendan ChoatHawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-9105-640X
David Anthony CoomesDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Pembroke St, Cambridge, CB2, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8261-2582
William K CornwellEvolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-4080-4073
Joseph CraineJonah Ventures, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6561-3244
Dylan CravenCentro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.ORCID 0000-0003-3940-833X
Matteo DaineseInstitute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-7052-5572
Alessandro Carioca de AraujoEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Belém, PA, CEP 66095-100, Brazil.
Franciska T de VriesInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Tomas Ferreira DominguesFaculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras - Universidade de São Paulo - Depto. de Biologia, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0003-2857-9838
Brian J EnquistDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6124-7096
Jaime FagúndezBiology department, BioCost group, Centro interdisciplinar de química y biología CICA, University of A Coruña, 15071A, Coruña, Spain.
Jingyun FangInstitute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
Fernando Fernández-MéndezGrupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Dinámica de Ecosistémas Tropicales - Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.
Maria T Fernandez-PiedadeInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2.936 - Petrópolis - CEP, 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brasil.
Henry FordEcological Flora of the British Isles, Bath, UK.
Estelle ForeyUniversité de Rouen Normandie- INRAE, 76000, Rouen, France.
Gregoire T FreschetTheoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 09200, Moulis, France.
Sophie GachetIMBE, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Univ, Marseille, France.
Rachael GallagherSchool of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-4680-8115
Walton GreenDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
Greg R GuerinSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
Alvaro G GutiérrezDepartamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, 8820808, Santiago, Chile.
Sandy P HarrisonUniversity of Reading, Reading, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-5687-1903
Wesley Neil HattinghNova Pioneer, Global Systems and Analytics, Paulshof, Gauteng, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-3626-5137
Tianhua HeSchool of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-0924-3637
Thomas HicklerSenckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganalge 25, 60325, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
Steven I HigginsPlant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
Pedro HiguchiSanta Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-3855-555X
Jugo IlicUniversity of Melbourne, Melburne, Australia.
Robert B JacksonDepartment of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8846-7147
Adel JaliliResearch Institute of Forests and Rangeland, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
Steven JansenInstitue of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-4476-5334
Fumito KoikeGraduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
Christian KönigInstitute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
Nathan KraftDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
Koen KramerWageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Holger KreftBiodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4471-8236
Ingolf KühnGerman Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-1691-8249
Hiroko KurokawaForestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan.ORCID 0000-0001-8778-8045
Eric G LambDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
Daniel C LaughlinDepartment of Botany, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9651-5732
Michelle LeishmanSchool of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
Simon LewisSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Frédérique LouaultUniversité Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, 63000, Clermont Ferrand, France.
Ana C M MalhadoInstituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil.
Peter ManningSenckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganalge 25, 60325, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-7940-2023
Patrick MeirDivision of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia.
Maurizio MencucciniCREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-0840-1477
Julie MessierDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
Regis MillerForest Products Lab, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Vanessa MindenLandscape Ecology Group, Inst. of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
Jane MolofskyDepartment of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA.
Rebecca MontgomeryDepartment of Forest Resources, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
Gabriel Montserrat-MartíInstituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Av. Montañana, 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain.
Marco MorettiBiodiverstiy and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland.
Sandra MüllerGeobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4289-755X
Ülo NiinemetsEstonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51006, Estonia.
Romà OgayaCREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
Kinga ÖllererInstitute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, 060031, Bucharest, Romania.
Vladimir OnipchenkoDepartment of Ecology and Plant Geography, Faculty of Biology, Moscow Lomonosov State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia.
Yusuke OnodaGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
Wim A OzingaWageningen Environmental Research, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Juli G PausasCentro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIDE-CSIC), Valencia, 46113, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-3533-5786
Begoña PecoCentro de Investigacion en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
Josep PenuelasCREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-7215-0150
Valério D PillarDepartment of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0001-6408-2891
Clara PladevallSnow and Mountain Research Center of Andorra, Andorran Research + Innovation, Avda. Rocafort 21-23 Sant Julià de Lòria, Principality of Andorra, Julià de Lòria, Andorra.
Christine RömermannGerman Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Lawren SackDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7009-7202
Norma SalinasEnvironmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-9941-2109
Brody SandelDepartment of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
Jordi SardansCREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-2478-0219
Brandon SchampDepartment of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste, Marie, Ontario, P6A 6J8, Canada.
Michael Scherer-LorenzenGeobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-9566-590X
Ernst-Detlef SchulzeMax Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
Fritz Schweingruber *Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland.
Satomi ShioderaDepartment of Global Liberal Studies, Faculty of Global Liberal Studies, Nanzan University, Aichi, 466-8673, Japan.
Ênio SosinskiEmbrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0001-6310-9474
Nadejda SoudzilovskaiaCentre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
Marko J SpasojevicDepartment of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1808-0048
Emily SwaineSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK.
Nathan SwensonDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
Susanne TautenhahnMax Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
Ken ThompsonDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
Alexia TotteDépartement de biologie des organismes et écologie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Roosevelt, Belgique.
Rocío Urrutia-JalabertDepartamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile.
Fernando ValladaresNational Museum of Natural Sciences, MNCN, CSIC, Serrano 115, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
Peter van BodegomInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands.
François VasseurCEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
Kris VerheyenForest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, B-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium.
Denis VileLEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
Cyrille ViolleCEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
Betsy von HolleNational Science Foundation, Division of Environmental Biology, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA.
Patrick WeigeltBiodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-2485-3708
Evan WeiherDepartment of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54702, USA.
Michael C WiemannForest Products Lab, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Mathew WilliamsSchool of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93FF, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-6117-5208
Justin WrightDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Gerhard ZotzSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Panama.ORCID 0000-0002-6823-2268
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Here we provide the 'Global Spectrum of Plant Form and Function Dataset', containing species mean values for six vascular plant traits. Together, these traits -plant height, stem specific density, leaf area, leaf mass per area, leaf nitrogen content per dry mass, and diaspore (seed or spore) mass - define the primary axes of variation in plant form and function. The dataset is based on ca. 1 million trait records received via the TRY database (representing ca. 2,500 original publications) and additional unpublished data. It provides 92,159 species mean values for the six traits, covering 46,047 species. The data are complemented by higher-level taxonomic classification and six categorical traits (woodiness, growth form, succulence, adaptation to terrestrial or aquatic habitats, nutrition type and leaf type). Data quality management is based on a probabilistic approach combined with comprehensive validation against expert knowledge and external information. Intense data acquisition and thorough quality control produced the largest and, to our knowledge, most accurate compilation of empirically observed vascular plant species mean traits to date.
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