ArticlePloS one2022
Pulmonary inflammatory response and immunomodulation to multiple trauma and hemorrhagic shock in pigs.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of the protective effect of direct peritoneal resuscitation on lung injury in a controlled hemorrhagic shock model in rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A Comprehensive Review of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection: Epidemiology, Classification, Management Strategies, Mortality Risk Assessment, and Ethical Considerations for Patients who Refuse Blood Transfusions.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Early Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Promotes Recovery of Blunt Liver Injury in Rats via Inhibiting Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPatients suffering from severe trauma experience substantial immunological stress. Lung injury is a known risk factor for the development of posttraumatic complications, but information on the long-term course of the pulmonary inflammatory response and treatment with mild hypothermia are scarce.
aimTo investigate the pulmonary inflammatory response to multiple trauma and hemorrhagic shock in a porcine model of combined trauma and to assess the immunomodulatory properties of mild hypothermia.
methodsFollowing induction of trauma (blunt chest trauma, liver laceration, tibia fracture), two degrees of hemorrhagic shock (45 and 50%) over 90 (n = 30) and 120 min. (n = 20) were induced. Animals were randomized to hypothermia (33°C) or normothermia (38°C). We evaluated bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and tissue levels of cytokines and investigated changes in microRNA- and gene-expression as well as tissue apoptosis.
resultsWe observed a significant induction of Interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, IL-8, and Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in lung tissue. Likewise, an increased IL-6 protein concentration could be detected in BAL-fluid, with a slight decrease of IL-6 protein in animals treated with hypothermia. Lower IL-10 protein levels in normothermia and higher IL-10 protein concentrations in hypothermia accompanied this trend. Tissue apoptosis increased after trauma. However, intervention with hypothermia did not result in a meaningful reduction of pro-inflammatory biomarkers or tissue apoptosis.
conclusionWe observed signs of a time-dependent pulmonary inflammation and apoptosis at the site of severe trauma, and to a lower extent in the trauma-distant lung. Intervention with mild hypothermia had no considerable effect during 48 hours following trauma.
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