ArticleEthiopian journal of health sciences2022
Effect of the COVID-19 Vaccine on the Menstrual Cycle among Females in Saudi Arabia.
Article in Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menstrual disorders following COVID-19 vaccination: a review using a systematic search.Frontiers in drug safety and regulation · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Menstrual Irregularities, Bleeding Patterns, and Cycle Duration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Health science reports · 2025Review
- Network analysis of adverse event patterns following immunization with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: real-world data from the European pharmacovigilance database EudraVigilance.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Association between COVID-19 Vaccines and Menstrual Disorders: Retrospective Cohort Study of Women Aged 12-55 Years Old in Catalonia, Spain.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Association between COVID-19 vaccination and menstruation: a state of the science review.BMJ sexual & reproductive health · 2024Review
- Menstrual Changes Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Saudi Women's Perception of the Effect of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination on Menstrual Cycle Length.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccination among menstruators of reproductive age: A cross- sectional study from Erbil City, Iraq.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
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- The Effect of COVID-19 Vaccine on Women's Reproductive Health: A Cross-Sectional Study.Cureus · 2023Article
- Investigate the Relationship Between Receiving the COVID-19 Vaccine and Menstrual Disorders among Females of Reproductive Age in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery researchArticle
- No one listens to us, we know this, so we participated: Qualitative evidence from menstruation research during the COVID-19 pandemic.Women's health (London, England)Article
- Prevalence of menstrual irregularities after coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination: A cross-sectional study in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.Journal of family & community medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The number of reports of menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccination in the Saudi population is still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of the COVID-19 vaccine(Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Moderna) on the menstrual cycle among females in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) from August 2021 to February 2022. Data was collected through a previously validated online questionnaire. Results: A total of 2338 participants who received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine participated in this study; 1606 (68.7%) of them received the second dose in addition to the first. The mean age of the study participants was 35.4±9.5 years. No significant associations were found between the type of COVID-19 vaccine and the impact on the menstrual cycle, either for the first or second dose (P-values > 0.05). A significant association was found only between the first dose vaccination day and the impact on the menstrual cycle in the second question of "After receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, your next period was" (P-value ≤ 0.05). Significant associations were found between the second dose vaccination day and the impact on the menstrual cycle in the first and second questions of "After receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, your next period was", and "After receiving the first dose, your next period was," respectively (P-values ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The study found a potential association between the COVID-19 vaccine and menstrual cycle irregularities, which could impact females' quality of life.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.