ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery2023
Acellular Nipple Scaffold Development, Characterization, and Preliminary Biocompatibility Assessment in a Swine Model.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Creating Engineered NAC Flaps Using in Vivo Revascularization: A Proof-Of-Concept Study.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Article
- A New Method for Preparation of Decellularized Human Scaffolds for Facial Reconstruction.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- 3D printing of Ceffe-infused scaffolds for tailored nipple-like cartilage development.BMC biotechnology · 2024Article
- Tissue engineering strategies for breast reconstruction: a literature review of current advances and future directions.Annals of translational medicine · 2024Review
- The Autonomization Principle in Vascularized Flaps: An Alternative Strategy for Composite Tissue Scaffold In Vivo Revascularization.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Reconstruction of the human nipple-areolar complex: a tissue engineering approach.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe standard in nipple reconstruction remains the autologous skin flap. Unfortunately, the results are not satisfying, with up to 75% loss of nipple projection over time. Existing studies investigated the use of primates as a source of implants. The authors hypothesized that the porcine nipple can serve as a perfect shape-supporting implant because of functional similarities to the human nipple. A decellularization protocol was developed to obtain an acellular nipple scaffold (ANS) for nipple reconstruction.
methodsTissue samples were collected from eight disease-free female Yorkshire pigs (60 to 70 kg) and then decellularized. The decellularization efficiency and extracellular matrix characterization was performed histologically and quantitatively (DNA, total collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan content). In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility was determined by human dermal fibroblast culture and subcutaneous implantation of six ANSs in a single Yorkshire pig (60 to 70 kg), respectively. Inflammation and adverse events were monitored daily based on local clinical signs.
resultsThe authors showed that all cellular structures and 96% of DNA [321.7 ± 57.6 ng DNA/mg wet tissue versus 11.7 ± 10.9 ng DNA/mg wet tissue, in native and ANS, respectively ( P < 0.001)] can be successfully removed. However, this was associated with a decrease in collagen [89.0 ± 11.4 and 58.8 ± 9.6 μg collagen/mg ( P < 0.001)] and elastin [14.2 ± 1.6 and 7.9 ± 2.4 μg elastin/mg ( P < 0.05)] and an increase in glycosaminoglycan content [5.0 ± 0.7 and 6.0 ± 0.8 ng/mg ( P < 0.05)]. ANS can support continuous cell growth in vitro and during preliminary biocompatibility tests in vivo.
conclusionThis is a preliminary report of a novel promising ANS for nipple reconstruction, but more research is needed to validate results. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Breast cancer is very common among women. Treatment involves mastectomy, but its consequences affect patient mental well-being, and can lead to depression. Nipple-areola complex reconstruction is critical, and existing methods lead to unsatisfactory outcomes.
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