ArticlePsychiatry research2023
Caffeine levels and dietary intake in smokers with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Article in Psychiatry research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Time-of-day variation in motivation for everyday behaviors: A cluster-based approach to understanding individual differences.iScience · 2026Article
- Association Between Caffeine Levels and Symptom Profile in Schizophrenia: Results from a Cohort Study in Central Greece.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Coffee intake is associated with telomere length in severe mental disorders.BMJ mental health · 2025Article
- Whole Genome Sequencing of Pedigrees With High Density of Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders: A Meeting Report.Genes, brain, and behavior · 2025Article
- Associations between dietary habits and bipolar disorder: a diet-wide mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the United States. High rates of caffeine use have been observed in adult smokers as well as those with serious mental illness. The current secondary analysis aimed to extend previous findings demonstrating high caffeine intake in schizophrenia by examining dietary intake of caffeine and serum caffeine levels in outpatient smokers with schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BP) and control smokers with no psychiatric diagnoses (CON). Two hundred forty-eight adult smokers (SCZ=80; BP=80; CON=88) were included in the current study. Adult smokers with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and no psychiatric diagnoses were 40.85 (SD = 11.90) years old on average and all participants were current smokers (∼20 cigarettes per day). Twenty-four hour self-reported caffeine intake (in mg) was highest among individuals with bipolar disorder (median=195.3), followed by adults with schizophrenia (median=155.0) and controls (median=131.7). Participants with bipolar disorder also had the highest serum caffeine levels (in ng/ml; median=1725), followed by those with schizophrenia (median=1194) and controls (median=613.2). These results provide additional evidence of high caffeine intake among adults with schizophrenia and extend findings by identifying even higher rates of caffeine use in those with bipolar disorder. The current study suggests that caffeine intake is higher among subgroups of patients with serious mental illness.
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