ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2023
Tobacco and Alcohol Retailer Availability and Neighborhood Racialized, Economic, and Racialized Economic Segregation in North Carolina.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2025Pooled it
- Associations of racialized economic segregation with the prevalence of unhealthy behaviors and poor mental health in the United States.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Examining the association between county racialised economic segregation and fatal overdose in US counties, 2018-2022.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Article
- Assessing Upstream Structural and Social Drivers of Health in Breast Cancer Survivorship: The Pathways Study Neighborhood Resource.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Synergistic Effects of Distress Intolerance and Anxiety Sensitivity on Alcohol Use and Related Problems Among Black Adults who Smoke.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Twenty-five-year changes in alcohol environment in US metropolitan areas: Examining patterns by area level sociodemographic characteristics.Cities (London, England) · 2025Article
- Manifestations of Structural Racism and Inequities in Cardiovascular Health Across US Neighborhoods.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Tobacco retailer density and rurality across four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina, and Ohio.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- Examining the Relationship Between Racial, Ethnic, and Economic Residential Segregation and Cigarette Smoking Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Young Adults.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Age Restricted Location Policies: A Potential Strategy for Advancing the Tobacco Endgame.American journal of public health · 2025Article
- Indices of neighborhood disadvantage and individual cancer control behaviors among African American adults.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2025Article
- Neighborhood Disadvantage and Prostate Tumor Aggressiveness among African American and European American Men.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
- The Association between State-Level Structural Racism and Alcohol and Tobacco Use Behaviors among a National Probability Sample of Black Americans.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite evidence of racialized and socioeconomic inequities in tobacco and alcohol outlet availability, few studies have investigated spatial inequities in areas experiencing both concentrated residential racialized segregation and socioeconomic disadvantage. This study examined whether segregation-racialized, economic or both-was associated with alcohol and tobacco retailer counts in North Carolina (NC).
methodsThe NC Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission provided lists of 2021 off-premise alcohol retailers. We created a list of 2018 probable tobacco retailers using ReferenceUSA. We calculated three census tract-level measures of the Index of Concentrations at the Extremes (ICE), indicating racialized segregation between non-Hispanic White and Black residents and economic segregation based on household income. We used negative binomial regression to test associations between quintiles of each ICE measure and tobacco and, separately, alcohol retailer counts.
resultsTracts with the greatest racialized disadvantage had 38% (IRR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.15-1.66) and 65% (IRR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.34-2.04) more tobacco and alcohol outlets, respectively, as tracts with the lowest. Tracts with the highest racialized economic disadvantage had a predicted count of 1.51 tobacco outlets per 1000 people while those in the lowest had nearly one fewer predicted outlet. Similar inequities existed in the predicted count of alcohol outlets. DISCUSSION: Tobacco and alcohol outlet availability are higher in NC places experiencing concentrated racialized and economic segregation. A centralized agency overseeing tobacco and alcohol outlet permits and strategies to reduce the retail availability of these harmful products (e.g., capping the number of permits) are needed to intervene upon these inequities.
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