ArticleAmerican journal of clinical pathology2023
Histopathologic Features of Breast Tissue From Transgender Men and Their Associations With Androgen Therapy.
Article in American journal of clinical pathology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying Breast Cancer Risk in Patients Undergoing Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery.Journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Why the "Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer Incidence Among Patients Undergoing Chest Masculinization Surgery: A Scoping Review.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Breast care considerations for transgender and gender-diverse patients.Women's health (London, England)Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo assess the histopathologic features of breast tissue of transgender men (TM) undergoing gender-affirming bilateral mastectomies in relation to androgen therapy (AT).
methodsWe reviewed 374 transgender bilateral mastectomy cases from 2017 to 2020. Of these, 314 (84.4%) patients received preoperative AT. We compared these with 127 cases of cisgender females undergoing elective breast reduction.
resultsBreast specimens from TM on AT, compared with cisgender women, showed a median higher gross percentage of fibrous tissue (P < .001), reduced lobular density (P = .004), higher amount of lobular atrophy (P < .001), and lower incidence of cysts (P < .001), apocrine metaplasia (P < .001), calcifications (P < .001), columnar cell change (P = .002), and atypia (P = .003). Each additional month of AT was associated with a 2% decrease in the odds of having nonapocrine cysts (P = .02), a 5% decrease in the odds of having usual ductal hyperplasia (P = .007), and a 0.14% decrease in median lobular density (95% confidence interval, -0.18 to -0.05).
conclusionsIn this study, breast specimens from TM, particularly with a history of AT, had a higher proportion of fibrous tissue, fewer lobules, and a higher degree of lobular atrophy than cisgender females. Rare cases of atypia were not predicted by preoperative imaging or gross findings, supporting routine microscopic evaluation of these specimens.
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