ReviewFrontiers in neuroanatomy2022
The heterogeneity of astrocytes in glaucoma.
Review in Frontiers in neuroanatomy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glial Cell Activation and Immune Responses in Glaucoma: A Systematic Review of Human Postmortem Studies of the Retina and Optic Nerve.Aging and disease · 2024Pooled it
- Retinal glial cells in glaucoma and age-related retinal diseases: Inflammatory responses, disease transitions, and translational perspectives.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Primary Cilia of Astrocytes in the Retina in Development and Disease.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- The Dual Role of Macroglia in Glaucoma: Deciphering the Contributions of Astrocytes and Müller Cells to Retinal Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Stretch strain shifts optic nerve head astrocyte metabolism to enrich α-ketoglutarate and the pentose phosphate pathway.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Research Advances in Glanimal Models of Glaucoma: Exploring Multidimensional Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Strategies.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Elevated Neurodegeneration Markers in the Aqueous Humor of Primary Open Angle and Normal Tension Glaucoma Patients Correlate With Disease Severity.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Identifying diagnostic biomarkers for glaucoma based on transcriptome combined with Mendelian randomization.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Glial and immune dysregulation in glaucoma independent of retinal ganglion cell loss: a human post-mortem histopathology study.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Evidence for Neuroprotective and Axonal Regenerative Activities of Different Inflammatory Cell Types After Optic Nerve Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Preclinical Retinal Disease Models: Applications in Drug Development and Translational Research.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Study on the Polarization of Astrocytes in the Optic Nerve Head of Rats Under High Intraocular Pressure: In Vitro.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Glial-mediated immune modulation in glaucomatous neurodegeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Role of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the pathomechanism of glaucoma.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2025Review
- Astrocytes from lamina cribrosa are involved in the autoregulatory function of optic nerve head vesselsFrontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Article
- Retinal ganglion cell circuits and glial interactions in humans and mice.Trends in neurosciences · 2024Review
- Exploring the relationship between 24-2 visual field and widefield optical coherence tomography data across healthy, glaucoma suspect and glaucoma eyes.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2024Article
- Increased Pan-Type, A1-Type, and A2-Type Astrocyte Activation and Upstream Inflammatory Markers Are Induced by the P2X7 Receptor.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Application of Rho Kinase Inhibitors in the Management of Glaucoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness with progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Aging and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) are major risk factors. Lowering IOP does not always stop the disease progression. Alternative ways of protecting the optic nerve are intensively studied in glaucoma. Astrocytes are macroglia residing in the retina, optic nerve head (ONH), and visual brain, which keep neuronal homeostasis, regulate neuronal activities and are part of the immune responses to the retina and brain insults. In this brief review, we discuss the activation and heterogeneity of astrocytes in the retina, optic nerve head, and visual brain of glaucoma patients and animal models. We also discuss some recent transgenic and gene knockout studies using glaucoma mouse models to clarify the role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Astrocytes are heterogeneous and play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, especially in the process of neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In astrocytes, overexpression of Stat3 or knockdown of IκKβ/p65, caspase-8, and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (Ucp2) can reduce ganglion cell loss in glaucoma mouse models. Based on these studies, therapeutic strategies targeting the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes by enhancing their beneficial reactivity or suppressing their detrimental reactivity are alternative options for glaucoma treatment in the future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.