Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36462639›Full record

ArticleJournal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society2023

Enhanced immune responses to vaccine antigens in the corneal stroma.

Dengning Xia, Randall Toy, Pallab Pradhan, Amir Hejri, Jeremy Chae, Hans E Grossniklaus, Claus Cursiefen, Krishnendu Roy, Mark R Prausnitz

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
1.0field-weighted citation impact, top 25% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Immune Camouflage inClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.

Dengning XiaSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
Randall ToyWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Pallab PradhanWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Amir HejriSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Jeremy ChaeSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Hans E GrossniklausDepartments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Claus CursiefenDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany.
Krishnendu RoyWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. Electronic address: krish.roy@gatech.edu.
Mark R PrausnitzSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. Electronic address: prausnitz@gatech.edu.
Georgia Institute of Technology · USThe Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering · USEmory University · USSun Yat-sen University · CNUniversity of Cologne · DE

Funding

Multivalent nanocluster universal influenza vaccine given by microneedle patchR01AI143844 · NIAID · GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY · PI WANG, BAOZHONG · 2019 to 2023
$3.9M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI143844
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

To examine the widely accepted dogma that the eye is an immune-privileged organ that can suppress antigen immunogenicity, we explored systemic immune responses to a model vaccine antigen (tetanus toxoid) delivered to six compartments of the rodent eye (ocular surface, corneal stroma, anterior chamber, subconjunctival space, suprachoroidal space, vitreous body). We discovered that antigens delivered to corneal stroma induced enhanced, rather than suppressed, antigen-specific immune responses, which were 18- to 30-fold greater than conventional intramuscular injection and comparable to intramuscular vaccination with alum adjuvant. Systemic immune responses to antigen delivered to the other ocular compartments were much weaker. The enhanced systemic immune responses after intrastromal injection were related to a sequence of events involving the formation of an antigen "depot" in the avascular stroma, infiltration of antigen-presenting cells, up-regulation of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86, and induction of lymphangiogenesis in the corneal stroma facilitating sustained presentation of antigen to the lymphatic system. These enhanced immune responses in corneal stroma suggest new approaches to medical interventions for ocular immune diseases and vaccination methods.

Indexed as

Corneal StromaVaccinesAntigen-Presenting CellsAntigensImmunityAntigensVaccinesCorneal stromaHumoral vaccination responseImmune responsesLymphangiogenesisOcular immune privilegeVaccine kinetics

Identifiers

PMID36462639
PMCPMC9892265
OpenAlexW4313281301

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.