ArticleNeurology2023
Sensitivity of the NIH Toolbox to Detect Cognitive Change in Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disability.
Article in Neurology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mindfulness enhances cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis of 111 randomized controlled trials.Health psychology review · 2024Pooled it
- SPG601-associated modulation of resting-state EEG and improvement in executive function in a fragile X syndrome randomized controlled crossover study.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Connection between attention, executive function, episodic memory, and adaptive functioning in young adults with Down syndrome.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2026Article
- Clinical Relevance of NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery Developmental Change in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Associations with Verbal Reasoning.American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2026Article
- Baseline Neuropsychological Characteristics of Adolescents and Young Adults with Down Syndrome Who Participated in Two Clinical Trials of the Drug Memantine.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Mosaic H3K9me3 at BREACHes predicts synaptic gene expression associated with fragile X syndrome cognitive severity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Cognitive weaknesses or impairments on the NIH toolbox cognition battery in children and adolescents: base rates in a normative sample and proposed methods for classification.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of Distant/Remote Blessing Treatment on Cognitive-motor Function: A Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial.Health psychology research · 2025Article
- Developmental associations between cognition and adaptive behavior in intellectual and developmental disability.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2024Article
- Developmental Associations between Cognition and Adaptive Behavior in Intellectual and Developmental Disability.Research square · 2024Article
- Intercorrelation of Molecular Biomarkers and Clinical Phenotype Measures in Fragile X Syndrome.Cells · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveIndividuals with intellectual disability (ID) experience protracted cognitive development compared with typical youth. Sensitive measurement of cognitive change in this population is a critical need for clinical trials and other intervention studies, but well-validated outcome measures are scarce. This study's aim was to evaluate the sensitivity of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) to detect developmental changes in groups with ID-fragile X syndrome (FXS), Down syndrome (DS), and other ID (OID)-and to provide further support for its use as an outcome measure for treatment trials.
methodsWe administered the NIHTB-CB and a reference standard cross-validation measure (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition [SB5]) to 256 individuals with FXS, DS, and OID (ages 6-27 years). After 2 years of development, we retested 197 individuals. Group developmental changes in each cognitive domain of the NIHTB-CB and SB5 were assessed using latent change score models, and 2-year growth was evaluated at 3 age points (10, 16, and 22 years).
resultsOverall, effect sizes of growth measured by the NIHTB-CB tests were comparable with or exceeded those of the SB5. The NIHTB-CB showed significant gains in almost all domains in OID at younger ages (10 years), with continued gains at 16 years and stability in early adulthood (22 years). The FXS group showed delayed gains in attention and inhibitory control compared with OID. The DS group had delayed gains in receptive vocabulary compared with OID. Unlike the other groups, DS had significant growth in early adulthood in 2 domains (working memory and attention/inhibitory control). Notably, each group's pattern of NIHTB-CB growth across development corresponded to their respective pattern of SB5 growth. DISCUSSION: The NIHTB-CB is sensitive to developmental changes in individuals with ID. Comparison with levels and timing of growth on the cross-validation measure shows that the NIHTB-CB has potential to identify meaningful trajectories across cognitive domains and ID etiologies. Sensitivity to change within the context of treatment studies and delineation of clinically meaningful changes in NIHTB-CB scores, linked to daily functioning, must be established in future research to evaluate the battery more completely as a key outcome measure.
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