ArticleScience advances2022
Lifetime risk of imprisonment in the United States remains high and starkly unequal.
Article in Science advances, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- The State of Medical Education on Criminal Justice Health: A Systematic Review.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Medicaid Expansion and Mortality Among Formerly Incarcerated Individuals.JAMA health forum · 2026Article
- Children's Exposure to Recent Family Member Criminal Legal System Involvement.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Association Between Criminal Legal System Involvement and HIV Prevention and Care Among Transgender Women of Color: The TURNNT Cohort Study.LGBT health · 2026Article
- Incarceration and cancer care disparities in the USA.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Article
- The direct financial costs of having a family member incarcerated.Science advances · 2025Article
- History of family member incarceration during childhood and receipt of cancer screenings during adulthood in the United States.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
- Development of a health-related social need screener for adults soon to be, and recently released, from incarceration.Health & justice · 2025Article
- Association of Family Member Incarceration During Childhood and Smoking and Unhealthy Drinking Behaviors, Access to Care, and Functional Status Among Adults in the United States.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Falling racial inequality and rising educational inequality in US prison admissions for drug, violent, and property crimes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- County-level jail and state-level prison incarceration and cancer mortality in the United States.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Article
- Examining the Relationship Between Incarceration and Healthy Aging.Journal of developmental and life-course criminology · 2025Article
- Childhood Behind Bars: Children and the US Juvenile Legal System.Advances in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Incarceration History and Access to and Receipt of Health Care in the US.JAMA health forum · 2024Article
- Adult Children of the Prison Boom: Family Troubles and the Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Justice Contact.Demography · 2024Article
- Increasing access to quality healthcare for children who are incarcerated: American Pediatric Society issue of the year (2023-2024).Pediatric research · 2024Article
- A comparison of chronic conditions between transgender and cisgender individuals with recent incarceration and in the community in a United States county.International journal of transgender health · 2024Article
- Article
- Pediatric Health and System Impacts of Mass Incarceration, 2009-2020: A Matched Cohort Study.Academic pediatricsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
How likely are U.S. males and females of different ethnoracial groups to be imprisoned over the course of their lives, and how have these risks changed in recent decades? Using survey and administrative data, we update 20th-century estimates of the cumulative risk of imprisonment for the 21st century. In 2016, non-Hispanic Black males' lifetime risk of imprisonment remained very high-more than 16%-but decreased substantially relative to extreme levels of risk in the 1990s and early 2000s. The lifetime risk of imprisonment among people identifying as American Indian or Alaska Native was nearly 50% for males and more than 14% for females. Although national prison admission rates are declining, imprisonment remains a pervasive and highly unequal life-course experience.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.