Trial reportClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2023
Household- Versus Incentive-Based Contact Investigation for Tuberculosis in Rural South Africa: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.
Trial report in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effectiveness of Contact Tracing to Reduce Transmission of Infectious Diseases During Epidemic or Pandemic Response: Rapid Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Pooled it
- Multidimensional Poverty and Implementation Reach of Household Contact Tracing for Tuberculosis in South Africa: Analysis of a Randomized Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Trial
- Timing of household contact investigation for tuberculosis among rural and urban populations in South Africa (Kharituwe study): a pragmatic individually randomized controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of 2 Diagnostic Devices for Detection ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Genotyped cluster investigations versus standard contact tracing: comparative impact on latent tuberculosis infection cascade of care in a low-incidence region.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Timing and predictors of disease incidence among named contacts of reported tuberculosis patients in a low incidence setting.PloS one · 2025Article
- A cluster-randomized trial of household vs incentive-based tuberculosis contact investigation in rural South Africa: implementation reach.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Sustainability and impact of an intervention to improve initiation of tuberculosis preventive treatment: results from a follow-up study of the ACT4 randomized trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Tuberculosis contact tracing, Angola.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2024Article
- Evaluating the impact of cash transfers on tuberculosis (ExaCT TB): a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial.ERJ open research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHousehold contact investigation for people newly diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) is poorly implemented, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Conditional cash incentives may improve uptake.
methodsWe conducted a pragmatic, cluster-randomized, crossover trial of 2 TB contact investigation approaches (household-based and incentive-based) in 28 public primary care clinics in South Africa. Each clinic used 1 approach for 18 months, followed by a 6-month washout period, after which the opposite approach was used. Fourteen clinics were randomized to each approach. In the household-based arm, we conducted TB screening and testing of contacts at the household. In the incentive-based arm, both index patients and ≤10 of their close contacts (either within or outside the household) were given small cash incentives for presenting to study clinics for TB screening. The primary outcome was the number of people with incident TB who were diagnosed and started on treatment at study clinics.
resultsFrom July 2016 to January 2020, we randomized 28 clinics to each study arm, and enrolled 782 index TB patients and 1882 contacts in the household-based arm and 780 index patients and 1940 contacts in the incentive-based arm. A total of 1413 individuals started on TB treatment in the household-based arm and 1510 in the incentive-based arm. The adjusted incidence rate ratio of TB treatment initiation in the incentive- versus household-based arms was 1.05 (95% confidence interval: .97-1.13).
conclusionsIncentive-based contact investigation for TB has similar effectiveness to traditional household-based approaches and may be a viable alternative or complementary approach to household-based investigation.
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