ArticleJournal of medical virology2023
Liquid biomarkers of macrophage dysregulation and circulating spike protein illustrate the biological heterogeneity in patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.
Article in Journal of medical virology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blood Biomarkers of Long COVID: A Systematic Review.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical and Immunovirological Characteristics Associated with Cardiovascular Dysautonomia in Long COVID.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A distinct monocyte transcriptional state links systemic immune dysregulation to pulmonary impairment in long COVID.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Could persistent extravascular fibrin deposition link microvascular and interstitial pathology in long COVID?Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Decoding long COVID-associated cardiovascular dysfunction: Mechanisms, models, and new approach methodologies.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology · 2025Review
- Review
- Seasonal Coronavirus-Induced Immunological Imprinting and Previous Herpesvirus Infections in Patients With Long COVID.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Neuroimmune pathophysiology of long COVID.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Review
- Integrated multi-omics characterization across clinically relevant subgroups of long COVID.National science review · 2025Article
- Longitudinal lipoprotein and inflammatory mediators analysis uncover persisting inflammation and hyperlipidemia following SARS-CoV-2 infection in long COVID-19.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2025Article
- Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in long COVID.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Review
- Prevalence and associations of insomnia after COVID-19 infection.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Article
- Association of systemic inflammation and long-term dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: A prospective cohort.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation improves dyspnea and may normalize von Willebrand plasma levels in gynecologic patients with Post-Acute-COVID-Sequela (PASC)/Long COVID.Gynecologic oncology reports · 2025Article
- Post COVID-19 and Long COVID Symptoms in Otorhinolaryngology-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Internal medicine at the crossroads of long COVID diagnosis and management.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Intestinal barrier compromise, viral persistence, and immune dysregulation converge on neurological sequelae in Long COVID.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- Article
- Soluble SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein: considering some potential pathogenic effects.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) are long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection that can substantially impair the quality of life. Underlying mechanisms ranging from persistent viruses to innate and adaptive immune dysregulation have been discussed. Here, we profiled the plasma of 181 individuals from the cohort study for digital health research in Germany (DigiHero), including individuals after mild to moderate COVID-19 with or without PASC and uninfected controls. We focused on soluble factors related to monocyte/macrophage biology and on circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein as a potential biomarker for persistent viral reservoirs. At a median time of 8 months after infection, we found pronounced dysregulation in almost all tested soluble factors, including both pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines. These immunological perturbations were remarkably independent of ongoing PASC symptoms per se, but further correlation and regression analyses suggested PASC-specific patterns involving CCL2/MCP-1 and IL-8 that either correlated with sCD162, sCD206/MMR, IFN-α2, IL-17A and IL-33, or IL-18 and IL-23. None of the analyzed factors correlated with the detectability or levels of circulating S1, indicating that this represents an independent subset of patients with PASC. These data confirm prior evidence of immune dysregulation and persistence of viral protein in PASC and illustrate its biological heterogeneity that still awaits correlation with clinically defined PASC subtypes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.