ArticleNature immunology2022
Parenteral BCG vaccine induces lung-resident memory macrophages and trained immunity via the gut-lung axis.
Article in Nature immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT07527247 (Using AS01 Adjuvant to Improve Immune Response in Older Adults Through Trained Immunity), which is not on this map. Cited by 120 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Using AS01 Adjuvant to Improve Immune Response in Older Adults Through Trained Immunity
Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- Route of BCG administration determines success.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Alveolar Macrophages: Development, Respiratory Homeostasis, Signal Pathways, Diseases, and Therapeutic Opportunities.MedComm · 2026Review
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis: from immunological mechanisms to translational applications.Cell insight · 2026Review
- MaternalBiomedicines · 2026Article
- Metabolic-epigenetic rewiring of CCR5Science advances · 2026Article
- Alterations of the host-lung microbiome metasystem in systemic inflammatory response syndrome is associated with secondary pneumonia.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Macrophage trained immunity requires a mitochondrial glutamine-restriction checkpoint for antitumor protection in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Microbiota-Immune Crosstalk in Pneumonia and Acute Lung Injury: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- BCG HSP70 Reprograms Macrophages via Central Trained Immunity to Suppress Prostate Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- β-glucan elicits APOE-dependent peripheral trained immunity to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Investigating the role of baseline gut Akkermansia muciniphila and its co-metabolite palmitoleic acid in BCG vaccine efficacy: a preclinical study.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Mucosal BCG Vaccination and Immune Layering: Route-Dependent Programming of Immunity at the Respiratory Interface.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Article
- Gut mycobiota alteration contributes to the pathogenesis of Pneumocystis pneumonia.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Intravesical mycobacteria reshape bladder and gut microbiota in a murine bladder cancer model.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota and Probiotics in Influenza: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Emerging Evidence.Viruses · 2026Review
- mRNA vaccine development for tuberculosis: antigen design, immune mechanisms, and translational challenges.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity Induced by Vaccines: A Shifting Paradigm for Infant and Adult Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The type-I interferon priming signal balances antibacterial and antitumor trained immunity in alveolar macrophages.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Aside from centrally induced trained immunity in the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood by parenteral vaccination or infection, evidence indicates that mucosal-resident innate immune memory can develop via a local inflammatory pathway following mucosal exposure. However, whether mucosal-resident innate memory results from integrating distally generated immunological signals following parenteral vaccination/infection is unclear. Here we show that subcutaneous Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination can induce memory alveolar macrophages (AMs) and trained immunity in the lung. Although parenteral BCG vaccination trains BM progenitors and circulating monocytes, induction of memory AMs is independent of circulating monocytes. Rather, parenteral BCG vaccination, via mycobacterial dissemination, causes a time-dependent alteration in the intestinal microbiome, barrier function and microbial metabolites, and subsequent changes in circulating and lung metabolites, leading to the induction of memory macrophages and trained immunity in the lung. These data identify an intestinal microbiota-mediated pathway for innate immune memory development at distal mucosal tissues and have implications for the development of next-generation vaccine strategies against respiratory pathogens.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.