ReviewCureus2022
Self-Medication With Antibiotics: An Element Increasing Resistance.
Review in Cureus, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The global prevalence of antibiotic self-medication among the adult population: systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance Among Adults in Communities of Montserrado County, Liberia: A Household-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Upper Respiratory Tract Resistome Exhibits SARS-CoV-2-associated Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- The Role of Pharmacovigilance Database in Identifying Antibiotic Resistance and Inappropriate Use: An Analysis of VigiBase Reports From Lower-Middle-Income Countries.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- Knowledge and Perception of Pharmacy Interns in Ghana on Antimicrobial Use, Resistance, and Stewardship: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in clinical samples from the Boucle du Mouhoun region in Burkina Faso.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Appropriate use of Doxy-PEP and inappropriate antibiotic self-medication for STI management: insights from a LGBTQIA+ survey in Italy.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Understanding antimicrobial use by equine owners in Wales: Using cross-sectional survey and semi-structured interviews.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Self-medication practices in the UAE: prevalence, determinants, public awareness, and the impact of an educational intervention on safe medication use.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors for Purchasing Antibiotics Without a Prescription Among Patients in Rural South Africa: Implications for Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Comparison of antimicrobial resistance genes on the ocular surface of patients with corneal infections in California and Malawi.International health · 2025Article
- Surveying Self-Medication Practices and Attitudes Toward Antibiotic Use Among Adults in Primary Care.Cureus · 2025Article
- Remarkable Inhibition Efficacy of a Compound Plant Essential Oil Disinfectant Against Bacteria, Viruses, and Mycoplasmas.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Pharmacists' practices, perceptions, and challenges in dispensing antibiotics without prescription: a qualitative study in Palestine.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Knowledge and Misconceptions About Antibiotic Use and Resistance Among Dental Clinic Visitors in Saudi Arabia-A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Distribution and Determinants of Antibiotic Self-Medication: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chinese Residents.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prevalence and emm typing of multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in tertiary care health settings.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Fighting Antibiotic Resistance: Insights Into Human Barriers and New Opportunities: Antibiotic Resistance Constantly Rises With the Development of Human Activities. We discuss Barriers and Opportunities to Get It Under Control.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Iraqi Parents Regarding Antibiotic Use in Children and the Implications.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Self-medication refers to the consumption of drugs such as antibiotics by individuals based on their own experience and knowledge, without consulting a doctor either for diagnosis or prescription. The inappropriate use of antibiotics is the primary source of antibiotic resistance (AR) development in microorganisms. As a result, some specific types of microorganisms that are naturally resistant to antibiotics have become considerably more common. Self-medication poses a danger to the advantages of antibiotics since it results in financial burdens on low and middle-income countries (LMICs), management failures, the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacterial serotypes, and a higher risk of contamination of the general population by such tensions. Antibiotic misuse puts patients at risk for adverse drug reactions, false symptom relief, and the rise of drug-resistant microorganisms. It carries many health risks, chiefly in LMICs. These risks are linked to various factors, including a shortage of medical experts, low-level healthcare facilities, unregulated medication delivery, and negative public perceptions of doctors. The primary issue with self-medication is that majority of the population is uninformed of the harmful consequences of antibiotic resistance and how they might donate to it by self-diagnosing and self-treating with antibiotics. Antibiotic self-medication remains a common practice in society, and educational attainment significantly affects the frequency of this behavior. The article aims to educate the people by showing the development and plausible future to decrease antibiotic misuse. It also tells about the various challenges and prevention of this preceding problem.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.