ArticleBMJ open2022
Association of different digital media experiences with paediatric dry eye in China: a population-based study.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of dry eye disease among children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Environmental Drivers of Dry Eye Disease: A Narrative Review of Pollutants, Climate, and Indoor Exposures with Practice Recommendations.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for dry eye disease: principles, progress, and challenges.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Association between dry eye and myopia in schoolchildren: current evidence and possible mechanisms.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Epidemiology of pediatric dry eye disease in Eastern China, 2017-2021: a retrospective population-based study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Overview of Dry Eye Disease for Primary Care Physicians.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Meibomian gland atrophy in children with allergic conjunctivitis.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Ocular Surface Health in Myopic School-Age Children: An Observational Study.Journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Prevalence of symptomatic dry eye and influencing factors among Chinese adolescents: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the ocular surface effects of different digital media experiences in Chinese elementary school students.
designPopulation-based cross-sectional study was used.
setting14 randomly selected primary schools in Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, China
participants2,694 students between 7 and 8-year-old. OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of and risk factors for different types of dry eye disease，and different digital media experience with different ocular signs.
resultsThe prevalence of 'symptomatic DED' was 8.7% (95% CI 7.6% to 9.8%) and 'definite DED' prevalence rate was 5.5% (95% CI 4.7% to 6.4%). In multivariable logistic regression model, allergic conjunctivitis (OR=4.33, 95% CI (3.01 to 6.23), p<0.001), more than 1 hour per day on outdoor activity (OR=0.69, 95% CI (0.49 to 0.99), p=0.043), smartphone (OR=2.73, 95% CI (1.51 to 4.91), p=0.001), tablet (OR=2.09, 95% CI (1.07 to 4.07), p=0.030) and homework (OR=1.86, 95% CI (1.22 to 2.83), p=0.004) were independently associated with 'definite DED', while allergic conjunctivitis (OR=5.58, 95% CI (4.12 to 7.55), p<0.001), more than 1 hour per day on outdoor activity (OR=0.72, 95% CI (0.53 to 0.97), p=0.028), smartphone (OR=2.60, 95% CI (1.55 to 4.35), p<0.001), tablet (OR=1.84, 95% CI (1.02 to 3.34), p=0.044) and homework (OR=2.57, 95% CI (1.84 to 3.60), p<0.001) were independently associated with 'symptomatic DED'.
conclusionsUsing smartphones or tablets for an average of more than 1 hour per day through the course of a year is independently associated with paediatric DED.
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Registered trials
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