ArticleScience advances2022
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors.
Article in Science advances, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterizing persistent Post-COVID-19 vaccination symptoms using MedDRA system organ class and preferred term classifications.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Viral shedding and symptom severity across populations during acute COVID in the ACTIV-2 study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Impact of Sex on Viral Shedding and Symptom Severity During Acute COVID-19.Pathogens & immunity · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV2 and Anti-COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Is There a Plausible Mechanistic Link with Cancer?Cancers · 2025Review
- First real-world evidence from the Emilia-Romagna region suggests tamoxifen protects breast cancer patients from COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein as a Target of the COVID-19 Vaccine Disrupts Insulin Signaling in Type 2 Diabetes.MedComm · 2025Article
- Understanding sex and gender disparities in COVID-19 mortality: a narrative review beyond biology.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Post-COVID-19 Vaccine Hyperproduction of Anti-Spike Antibodies and Rheumatological Manifestations.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis: the role of extracellular matrix.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Significant Increase in Excess Deaths after Repeated COVID-19 Vaccination in Japan.JMA journal · 2025Article
- Review
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- The Possible Mechanistic Basis of Individual Susceptibility to Spike Protein Injury.Advances in virology · 2025Review
- A comparative analysis of estrogen receptors, ACE2 and cytokines in pre-and postmenopausal women and men with COVID-19.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Repercussion of SARS-CoV-2 on the Sexual Function in Males: An Updated Review.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Postmenopausal Women Medications on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Progression.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Sex differences in airway disease: estrogen and airway surface liquid dynamics.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Article
- Estrogen-modulating treatment among mid-life women and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality: a multiregister nationwide matched cohort study in Sweden.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Characterization of a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 direct-contact transmission model in hamsters.Npj viruses · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
31 authors at 10 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as its primary infection mechanism. Interactions between S and endogenous proteins occur after infection but are not well understood. We profiled binding of S against >9000 human proteins and found an interaction between S and human estrogen receptor α (ERα). Using bioinformatics, supercomputing, and experimental assays, we identified a highly conserved and functional nuclear receptor coregulator (NRC) LXD-like motif on the S2 subunit. In cultured cells, S DNA transfection increased ERα cytoplasmic accumulation, and S treatment induced ER-dependent biological effects. Non-invasive imaging in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters localized lung pathology with increased ERα lung levels. Postmortem lung experiments from infected hamsters and humans confirmed an increase in cytoplasmic ERα and its colocalization with S in alveolar macrophages. These findings describe the discovery of a S-ERα interaction, imply a role for S as an NRC, and advance knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 biology and coronavirus disease 2019 pathology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.