ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2023
Racism During Pregnancy and Birthing: Experiences from Asian and Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern Women.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Exploring Black Birthing Experiences: A Systematic Review and Social-Ecological Analysis of Disparities in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- Comparing two posttraumatic stress disorder screening approaches to improve health outcomes in pregnant black women: a comparative effectiveness trial protocol.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Trial
- It Is Not Simply Black and White: A Qualitative Study Unpacking How Women Understand Racism and Discrimination.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Breaking the cycle: a review of the impacts of maternal PTSD, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and health disparities among Black women.Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology · 2026Review
- New Checkbox, Now What? A Scoping Review to Guide Health Research among Middle Eastern and North African Communities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Listening to Unheard Voices: Addressing Systemic Racism to Improve Maternity Care for Black Women After Perinatal Loss.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Impact of Racial Bias on Providers' Empathic Communication Behaviors with Women of Color in Postpartum Checkup.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Intersectional Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity Across the Perinatal Continuum: A Population-Based Analysis.Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC · 2026Article
- Native American Pregnant and Postpartum People's Experiences of Discrimination During Perinatal Care: A Qualitative Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Article
- Judge Me Not: Exploring Black Mothers' Perceptions of Maternal Health Care Services and Structural Racism in South Carolina.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Characteristics and Outcomes Among Asian Birthing People in the American Association of Birth Centers Perinatal Data Registry.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2026Article
- The Perinatal Experience of Women With a History of Intimate Partner Violence: The Birth Experience Study.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2026Article
- Where Is the Client in Client-Centered Care? Centering the Experiences of Integrated Care Among Black Women in Public Health Settings.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Beyond choice: social realities shaping pregnancy decisions and family planning agency among Black women in the south.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Black pregnant individuals: a mixed methods study of social media messenger and content type preferences.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Advancing equity in perinatal PTSD: a systemic trauma framework for written exposure therapy.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Observational
- Experiences of Using Online Peer Forums Among People With Postpartum Psychosis: Interpretative Phenomenological Study.JMIR human factors · 2025Article
- Evaluating the prognostic association between race and perineal trauma: a systematic review protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Explaining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension and Diabetes during Pregnancy in the United States (2016-2022): A Decomposition Analysis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite persistent racial disparities in maternal health in the USA, there is limited qualitative research on women's experiences of discrimination during pregnancy and childbirth that focuses on similarities and differences across multiple racial groups.
methodsEleven focus groups with Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI), Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern women (N = 52) in the USA were conducted to discuss the extent to which racism and discrimination impact pregnancy and birthing experiences.
resultsParticipants across groups talked about the role of unequal power dynamics, discrimination, and vulnerability in patient-provider relationships. Black participants noted the influence of prior mistreatment by providers in their healthcare decisions. Latinas expressed fears of differential care because of immigration status. Middle Eastern women stated that the Muslim ban bolstered stereotypes. Vietnamese participants discussed how the effect of racism on mothers' mental health could impact their children, while Black and Latina participants expressed constant racism-related stress for themselves and their children. Participants recalled better treatment with White partners and suggested a gradient of treatment based on skin complexion. Participants across groups expressed the value of racial diversity in healthcare providers and pregnancy/birthing-related support but warned that racial concordance alone may not prevent racism and emphasized the need to go beyond "band-aid solutions."
conclusionWomen's discussions of pregnancy and birthing revealed common and distinct experiences that varied by race, skin complexion, language, immigration status, and political context. These findings highlight the importance of qualitative research for informing maternal healthcare practices that reduce racial inequities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.