ArticleExperimental physiology2023
The effect of various breath-hold techniques on the cardiorespiratory response to facial immersion in humans.
Article in Experimental physiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acute and chronic application of novel incremental breath-hold technique increases endurance exercise performance in healthy men and male military personnel.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- A dive into the physiological responses to maximal apneas, OEuropean journal of applied physiology · 2024Article
- The effect of various breath-hold techniques on the cardiorespiratory response to facial immersion in humans.Experimental physiology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
NEW
findingsWhat is the central question of this study? What is the effect of three repeated breath-hold techniques routinely used by freedivers, thought to manipulate arterial partial pressures of O ABSTRACT: Repeated maximal breath-holds have been demonstrated to induce bradycardia, increase haematocrit and haemoglobin and prolong subsequent breath-hold duration by 20%. Freedivers use non-maximal breath-hold techniques (BHTs) to improve breath-hold duration. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardiorespiratory and haematological responses to various BHTs. Ten healthy men (34.5 ± 1.9 years) attended five randomized experimental trials and performed a 40 min period of quiet rest or one of three BHTs followed by a maximal breath-hold challenge during facial immersion in water at 30 or 10°C. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were measured continuously using finger plethysmography and breath-by-breath gas analysis, respectively, and venous blood samples were collected throughout. Facial immersion in cold water caused marked bradycardia (74.1 vs. 50.2 beats/min after 40 s) but did not increase breath-hold duration compared with warm water control conditions. Facial immersion breath-hold duration was 30.8-43.3% greater than the control duration when preceded by BHTs that involved repeated breath-holds of constant duration (P = 0.021), increasing duration (P < 0.001) or increasing frequency (P < 0.001), with no difference observed between BHTs. The increased duration of apnoea across all three BHT protocols was associated with a 6.8% increase in end-tidal O
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